Title 12Banks and BankingRelease 119-73

§484 Limitation on visitorial powers

Title 12 › Chapter CHAPTER 3— - FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM › Subchapter SUBCHAPTER XV— - BANK EXAMINATIONS › § 484

Last updated Apr 6, 2026|Official source

Summary

Only federal law, courts, or Congress supervise national banks. Authorized State auditors may, with reasonable notice, times, and cause, review records only to check compliance with state unclaimed property (escheat) laws.

Full Legal Text

Title 12, §484

Banks and Banking — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)No national bank shall be subject to any visitorial powers except as authorized by Federal law, vested in the courts of justice or such as shall be, or have been exercised or directed by Congress or by either House thereof or by any committee of Congress or of either House duly authorized.
(b)Notwithstanding subsection (a), lawfully authorized State auditors and examiners may, at reasonable times and upon reasonable notice to a bank, review its records solely to ensure compliance with applicable State unclaimed property or escheat laws upon reasonable cause to believe that the bank has failed to comply with such laws.

Legislative History

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

Codification R.S. § 5240 derived from act June 3, 1864, ch. 106, § 54, 13 Stat. 116, which was part of the National Bank Act. See section 38 of this title. Section is comprised of sixth par. of R.S. § 5240, as amended. See Codification note set out under section 481 of this title. section 412 of Pub. L. 97–320, set out in the credit of this section, was amended by section 23(a) of Pub. L. 97–457 to correct an error in the directory language of section 412 of Pub. L. 97–320. That amendment involved only directory language and not the content of the text being amended by Pub. L. 97–320 so no change in the text of this section resulted from the amendment by Pub. L. 97–457.

Amendments

1982—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–320, as amended by Pub. L. 97–457, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), and amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment subsec. (a) read as follows: “No bank shall be subject to any visitorial powers other than such as are authorized by law, or vested in the courts of justice or such as shall be or shall have been exercised or directed by Congress, or by either House thereof or by any committee of Congress or of either House duly authorized”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–320, as amended by Pub. L. 97–457, added subsec. (b).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

of 1983 Amendment Pub. L. 97–457, § 23(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2510, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending section 412 of Pub. L. 97–320, which amended this section] shall be deemed to have taken effect upon the enactment of Public Law 97–320 [Oct. 15, 1982].”

Reference

Citations & Metadata

Citation

12 U.S.C. § 484

Title 12Banks and Banking

Last Updated

Apr 6, 2026

Release point: 119-73