§5906 — Title 12 Banks and Banking | U.S. Code

Summary

State regulators must oversee, examine, and enforce rules for any state qualified payment stablecoin issuer in their state. The Federal Reserve Board can agree to help with supervision, exams, and enforcement by signing a memorandum of understanding. The state regulator and the Board must share information about an issuer, including the initial application. A state regulator may issue the same kinds of orders and rules for state issuers that federal regulators can issue for federal issuers. If unusual and urgent circumstances exist, the Board — and the Comptroller for nonbank state issuers — may act after at least 48 hours’ written notice to the state regulator. They must make rules that explain what counts as unusual and urgent. If they find reasonable cause that an issuer’s continued activity poses a serious safety or stability risk, they may issue a directive (like a final cease-and-desist) that can limit redemptions and restrict transactions with holding companies and affiliates. The issuer or affected party can object in writing; if the agency does not change the directive within 10 days after getting the objection, the directive ends. If the agency keeps or changes the directive, the party can go straight to federal district court to challenge it and may skip internal steps only for extraordinary cause. For out-of-state state issuers, host-state consumer protection laws apply only to the same degree they would apply to out-of-state federal issuers; if a host law does not apply, the issuer’s home-state law governs. This rule applies only to out-of-state issuers from states with the required certification, and it does not affect state consumer protection laws except for laws about chartering or licensing as a permitted payment stablecoin issuer.

Title 12, §5906

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(a)A State payment stablecoin regulator shall have supervisory, examination, and enforcement authority over all State qualified payment stablecoin issuers of such State.

(b)A State payment stablecoin regulator may enter into a memorandum of understanding with the Board, by mutual agreement, under which the Board may participate in the supervision, examination, and enforcement of this chapter with respect to the State qualified payment stablecoin issuers of such State.

(c)A State payment stablecoin regulator and the Board shall share information on an ongoing basis with respect to a State qualified payment stablecoin issuer of such State, including a copy of the initial application and any accompanying documents.

(d)A State payment stablecoin regulator may issue orders and rules under section 5903 of this title applicable to State qualified payment stablecoin issuers to the same extent as the primary Federal payment stablecoin regulators issue orders and rules under section 5903 of this title applicable to permitted payment stablecoin issuers that are not State qualified payment stablecoin issuers.

(e)(1)(A)Subject to subparagraph (C), under unusual and exigent circumstances that the Board determines to exist, the Board may, after not less than 48 hours’ prior written notice to the applicable State payment stablecoin regulator, take an enforcement action against a State qualified payment stablecoin issuer or an institution-affiliated party of such issuer for violations of this chapter during such unusual and exigent circumstances.

(B)Consistent with section 5913 of this title, the Board shall issue rules to set forth the unusual and exigent circumstances in which the Board may act under this paragraph.

(C)If, after unusual and exigent circumstances are determined to exist pursuant to subparagraph (A), the Board determines that there is reasonable cause to believe that the continuation by a State qualified payment stablecoin issuer of any activity constitutes a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness, or stability of the State qualified payment stablecoin issuer, the Board may impose such restrictions as the Board determines to be necessary to address such risk during such unusual and exigent circumstances, which may include limitations on redemptions of payment stablecoins, and which shall be issued in the form of a directive, with the effect of a cease and desist order that has become final, to the State qualified payment stablecoin issuer and any of its affiliates, limiting—

(i)transactions between the State qualified payment stablecoin issuer, a holding company, and the subsidiaries or affiliates of either the State qualified payment stablecoin issuer or the holding company; and

(ii)any activities of the State qualified payment stablecoin issuer that might create a serious risk that the liabilities of a holding company and the affiliates of the holding company may be imposed on the State qualified payment stablecoin issuer.

(D)(i)(I)After a directive described in subparagraph (C) is issued, the applicable State qualified payment stablecoin issuer, or any institution-affiliated party of the State qualified payment stablecoin issuer subject to the directive, may object and present to the Board, in writing, the reasons why the directive should be modified or rescinded.

(II)If, after 10 days after the receipt of a response described in subclause (I), the Board does not affirm, modify, or rescind the directive, the directive shall automatically lapse.

(ii)(I)If the Board affirms or modifies a directive pursuant to clause (i), any affected party may immediately thereafter petition the United States district court for the district in which the main office of the affected party is located, or in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, to stay, modify, terminate, or set aside the directive.

(II)Upon a showing of extraordinary cause, an affected party may petition for relief under subclause (I) without first pursuing or exhausting the administrative remedies under clause (i).

(2)(A)Subject to subparagraph (C), under unusual and exigent circumstances determined to exist by the Comptroller, the Comptroller shall, after not less than 48 hours’ prior written notice to the applicable State payment stablecoin regulator, take an enforcement action against a State qualified payment stablecoin issuer that is a nonbank entity for violations of this chapter.

(B)Consistent with section 5913 of this title, the Comptroller shall issue rules to set forth the unusual and exigent circumstances in which the Comptroller may act under this paragraph.

(C)If, after unusual and exigent circumstances are determined to exist under subparagraph (A), the Comptroller determines that there is reasonable cause to believe that the continuation of any activity by a State qualified payment stablecoin issuer that is a nonbank entity constitutes a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness, or stability of the State qualified payment stablecoin issuer that is a nonbank entity, the Comptroller shall impose such restrictions as the Comptroller determines to be necessary to address such risk during such unusual and exigent circumstances, which may include limitations on redemption of payment stablecoins, and which shall be issued in the form of a directive, with the effect of a cease and desist order that has become final, to the State qualified payment stablecoin issuer that is a nonbank entity and any of its affiliates, limiting—

(D)(i)(I)After a directive described in subparagraph (C) is issued, the applicable Federal qualified payment stablecoin issuer, or any institution-affiliated party of the Federal qualified payment stablecoin issuer subject to the directive, may object and present to the Comptroller, in writing, the reasons that the directive should be modified or rescinded.

(II)If, after 10 days after the receipt of a response described in subclause (I), the Comptroller does not affirm, modify, or rescind the directive, the directive shall automatically lapse.

(ii)(I)If the Comptroller affirms or modifies a directive pursuant to clause (i), any affected party may immediately thereafter petition the United States district court for the district in which the main office of the affected party is located, or in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, to stay, modify, terminate, or set aside the directive.

(II)Upon a showing of extraordinary cause, an affected party may petition for relief under subclause (I) without first pursuing or exhausting the administrative remedies under clause (i).

(f)(1)Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the laws of a host State, including laws relating to consumer protection, shall only apply to the activities conducted in the host State by an out-of-State State qualified payment stablecoin issuer to the same extent as such laws apply to the activities conducted in the host State by an out-of-State Federal qualified payment stablecoin issuer.

(2)If any host State law is determined not to apply under paragraph (1), the laws of the home State of the State qualified payment stablecoin issuer shall govern the activities of the permitted payment stablecoin issuer conducted in the host State.

(3)(A)This subsection shall only apply to an out-of-State State qualified payment stablecoin issuer chartered, licensed, or otherwise authorized to do business by a State that has a certification in place pursuant to section 5903(c) of this title.

(B)The laws applicable to an out-of-State qualified payment stablecoin issuer under paragraph (1) exclude host State laws governing the chartering, licensure, or other authorization to do business in the host State as a permitted payment stablecoin issuer pursuant to this chapter.

(4)Except for State laws relating to the chartering, licensure, or other authorization to do business as a permitted payment stablecoin issuer, nothing in this chapter shall preempt State consumer protection laws, including common law, and the remedies available thereunder.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Delayed

Effective Date

of SectionFor delayed

Effective Date

of section, see

Effective Date

note below.

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (b), (e)(1)(A), (2)(A), and (f)(3)(B), (4), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 119–27, July 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 419, known as the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act and also as the GENIUS Act, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 5901 of this title and Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective on the earlier of the date that is 18 months after July 18, 2025, or the date that is 120 days after the date on which the primary Federal payment stablecoin regulators issue any final

Regulations

implementing Pub. L. 119–27, see section 20 of Pub. L. 119–27, set out as a note under section 5901 of this title.

§5906 State qualified payment stablecoin issuers

Summary

Title 12, §5906

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

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Effective Date

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Editorial Notes

References in Text

Short Title

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Regulations

Citations & Metadata