Title 18Crimes and Criminal ProcedureRelease 119-73

§176 Seizure, forfeiture, and destruction

Title 18 › Part PART I— - CRIMES › Chapter CHAPTER 10— - BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS › § 176

Last updated Apr 6, 2026|Official source

Summary

The Attorney General can ask a court for a warrant, like a search warrant, to seize any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system that is linked to the crimes in section 175 or that is a type or amount that has no clear protective or peaceful use. In emergencies, those items may be seized and destroyed without a warrant if there is probable cause. Seized items can become federal property after owners are notified and given a hearing. At that hearing the government must prove its case is more likely true than not. Customs forfeiture rules apply, and the Attorney General may destroy or otherwise dispose of the items. A person can avoid forfeiture by showing the item was for a protective or other peaceful purpose and that the type and amount are reasonable for that purpose.

Full Legal Text

Title 18, §176

Crimes and Criminal Procedure — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)(1)Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Attorney General may request the issuance, in the same manner as provided for a search warrant, of a warrant authorizing the seizure of any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system that—
(A)pertains to conduct prohibited under section 175 of this title; or
(B)is of a type or in a quantity that under the circumstances has no apparent justification for prophylactic, protective, or other peaceful purposes.
(2)In exigent circumstances, seizure and destruction of any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1) may be made upon probable cause without the necessity for a warrant.
(b)Property seized pursuant to subsection (a) shall be forfeited to the United States after notice to potential claimants and an opportunity for a hearing. At such hearing, the Government shall bear the burden of persuasion by a preponderance of the evidence. Except as inconsistent herewith, the same procedures and provisions of law relating to a forfeiture under the customs laws shall extend to a seizure or forfeiture under this section. The Attorney General may provide for the destruction or other appropriate disposition of any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system seized and forfeited pursuant to this section.
(c)It is an affirmative defense against a forfeiture under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section that—
(1)such biological agent, toxin, or delivery system is for a prophylactic, protective, or other peaceful purpose; and
(2)such biological agent, toxin, or delivery system, is of a type and quantity reasonable for that purpose.

Legislative History

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2002—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 107–188 substituted “pertains to” for “exists by reason of”. 1994—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “the Government” for “the government”.

Reference

Citations & Metadata

Citation

18 U.S.C. § 176

Title 18Crimes and Criminal Procedure

Last Updated

Apr 6, 2026

Release point: 119-73