Title 18Crimes and Criminal ProcedureRelease 119-73

§665 Theft or embezzlement from employment and training funds; improper inducement; obstruction of investigations

Title 18 › Part PART I— - CRIMES › Chapter CHAPTER 31— - EMBEZZLEMENT AND THEFT › § 665

Last updated Apr 6, 2026|Official source

Summary

People who run, direct, or work for an agency or organization that gets money under Title I of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act or Title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 can be punished if they knowingly sign up someone who is not eligible, steal, take by fraud, or willfully misuse program money, funds, assets, or property. If the loss is more than $1,000 the person can be fined, jailed for up to 2 years, or both. If the loss is $1,000 or less the person can be fined, jailed for up to 1 year, or both. Anyone who forces or tricks a worker—by threats, causing them to be fired, refusing to hire them, or refusing to renew their job—to give up money or something valuable in connection with those program funds can be fined or jailed for up to 1 year, or both. Anyone who willfully blocks or tries to block an investigation or review under those laws or their rules can also be fined or jailed for up to 1 year, or both.

Full Legal Text

Title 18, §665

Crimes and Criminal Procedure — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)Whoever, being an officer, director, agent, or employee of, or connected in any capacity with any agency or organization receiving financial assistance or any funds under title I of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act or title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 knowingly enrolls an ineligible participant, embezzles, willfully misapplies, steals, or obtains by fraud any of the moneys, funds, assets, or property which are the subject of a financial assistance agreement or contract pursuant to such Act shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than 2 years, or both; but if the amount so embezzled, misapplied, stolen, or obtained by fraud does not exceed $1,000, such person shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both.
(b)Whoever, by threat or procuring dismissal of any person from employment or of refusal to employ or refusal to renew a contract of employment in connection with a financial assistance agreement or contract under title I of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act or title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 induces any person to give up any money or thing of any value to any person (including such organization or agency receiving funds) shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both.
(c)Whoever willfully obstructs or impedes or willfully endeavors to obstruct or impede, an investigation or inquiry under title I of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act or title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998, or the regulations thereunder, shall be punished by a fine under this title, or by imprisonment for not more than 1 year, or by both such fine and imprisonment.

Legislative History

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 113–128, July 22, 2014, 128 Stat. 1425. Title I of the Act is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 3111 et seq.) of chapter 32 of Title 29, Labor. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 3101 of Title 29 and Tables. The Workforce Investment Act of 1998, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 105–220, Aug. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 936, and was repealed by Pub. L. 113–128, title V, §§ 506, 511(a),
July 22, 2014, 128 Stat. 1703, 1705, effective
July 1, 2015. Title I of the Act was classified principally to former chapter 30 (former § 2801 et seq.) of Title 29, Labor. Pursuant to section 3361(a) of Title 29, references to a provision of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 are deemed to refer to the corresponding provision of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, Pub. L. 113–128,
July 22, 2014, 128 Stat. 1425, effective
July 1, 2015. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. Codification section 711(a) of Pub. L. 93–203, cited as a credit to this section, was omitted in the general revision of Pub. L. 93–203 by Pub. L. 95–524.

Amendments

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–128, § 512(ee)(1), substituted “Whoever, being an officer, director, agent, or employee of, or connected in any capacity with any agency or organization receiving financial assistance or any funds under title I of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act or title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998” for “Whoever, being an officer, director, agent, or employee of, or connected in any capacity with any agency or organization receiving financial assistance or any funds under the Job Training Partnership Act or title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–128, § 512(ee)(2), substituted “a contract of employment in connection with a financial assistance agreement or contract under title I of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act or title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998” for “a contract of employment in connection with a financial assistance agreement or contract under the Job Training Partnership Act or title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 113–128, § 512(ee)(3), substituted “Whoever willfully obstructs or impedes or willfully endeavors to obstruct or impede, an investigation or inquiry under title I of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act or title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998,” for “Whoever willfully obstructs or impedes or willfully endeavors to obstruct or impede, an investigation or inquiry under the Job Training Partnership Act or title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998,”. 2002—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–273 substituted “a fine under this title” for “a fine of not more than $5,000”. 1998—Subsecs. (a) to (c). Pub. L. 105–277 substituted “the Job Training Partnership Act or title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998” for “the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act or the Job Training Partnership Act”. 1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–294 substituted “$1,000” for “$100”. 1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $10,000” after “such Act shall be” and for “fined not more than $1,000” after “person shall be”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(1)(H), substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $1,000”. 1990—Pub. L. 101–647 substituted semicolons for colons in section catchline and “Whoever” for “Any person whoever” in subsec. (c). 1982—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–300 inserted “or organization” after “any agency”, “or any funds” after “financial assistance”, “or Job Training Partnership Act” after “Comprehensive Employment and Training Act”, substituted “participant” for “individual or individuals”, and “financial assistance agreement or contract” for “grant or contract of assistance”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–300 substituted “financial assistance agreement or contract” for “grant or contract of assistance”, inserted “or the Job Training Partnership Act” after “Comprehensive Employment and Training Act”, substituted “any person” for “any persons” after “induces”, and substituted “organization or agency receiving funds” for “grantee agency”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97–300 inserted “willfully” before “endeavors to obstruct”, and “or the Job Training Partnership Act” after “Comprehensive Employment and Training Act”. 1978—Pub. L. 95–524 substituted “employment and training funds:” for “manpower funds;” and inserted “: obstruction of investigations” after “improper inducement” in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–524 substituted “Comprehensive Employment and Training Act knowingly hires an ineligible individual or individuals,” for “Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–524 substituted “Comprehensive Employment and Training Act” for “Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–524 added subsec. (c).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

of 2014 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 113–128 effective on the first day of the first full program year after
July 22, 2014 (
July 1, 2015), see section 506 of Pub. L. 113–128, set out as an

Effective Date

note under section 3101 of Title 29, Labor.

Reference

Citations & Metadata

Citation

18 U.S.C. § 665

Title 18Crimes and Criminal Procedure

Last Updated

Apr 6, 2026

Release point: 119-73