§2465 — Title 28 Judiciary and Judicial Procedure | U.S. Code

Summary

If a court rules for a person who claimed property taken under federal law, the property must be returned right away to that person or their agent. If the court finds there was reasonable cause to seize the property, it will note that fact. When that happens, the officer who seized the property and the prosecutor cannot be sued over the seizure, and the claimant normally cannot get court costs except as described below. If the claimant mostly wins a civil forfeiture case, the United States must pay reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs, plus post-judgment interest as set in section 1961. For money, negotiable papers, or proceeds of a temporary sale, the government must pay any interest actually earned and an extra amount based on the 30-day Treasury Bill rate for times when no interest was paid, starting 15 days after seizure (but not while the property was being used as evidence or for tests). The government does not have to pay for intangible benefits or anything not listed here. These rules do not apply if the claimant was convicted of a crime that made the property forfeitable. If there are multiple claimants, the government can avoid fees if it promptly recognizes and returns a claimant’s divisible share, does not cause extra costs, and still wins against other claimants. If the judgment is split between the claimant and the government, the court will reduce the costs and fee award accordingly.

Title 28, §2465

Judiciary and Judicial Procedure — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)Upon the entry of a judgment for the claimant in any proceeding to condemn or forfeit property seized or arrested under any provision of Federal law—

(1)such property shall be returned forthwith to the claimant or his agent; and

(2)if it appears that there was reasonable cause for the seizure or arrest, the court shall cause a proper certificate thereof to be entered and, in such case, neither the person who made the seizure or arrest nor the prosecutor shall be liable to suit or judgment on account of such suit or prosecution, nor shall the claimant be entitled to costs, except as provided in subsection (b).

(b)(1)Except as provided in paragraph (2), in any civil proceeding to forfeit property under any provision of Federal law in which the claimant substantially prevails, the United States shall be liable for—

(A)reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred by the claimant;

(B)post-judgment interest, as set forth in section 1961 of this title; and

(C)in cases involving currency, other negotiable instruments, or the proceeds of an interlocutory sale—

(i)interest actually paid to the United States from the date of seizure or arrest of the property that resulted from the investment of the property in an interest-bearing account or instrument; and

(ii)an imputed amount of interest that such currency, instruments, or proceeds would have earned at the rate applicable to the 30-day Treasury Bill, for any period during which no interest was paid (not including any period when the property reasonably was in use as evidence in an official proceeding or in conducting scientific tests for the purpose of collecting evidence), commencing 15 days after the property was seized by a Federal law enforcement agency, or was turned over to a Federal law enforcement agency by a State or local law enforcement agency.

(2)(A)The United States shall not be required to disgorge the value of any intangible benefits nor make any other payments to the claimant not specifically authorized by this subsection.

(B)The provisions of paragraph (1) shall not apply if the claimant is convicted of a crime for which the interest of the claimant in the property was subject to forfeiture under a Federal criminal forfeiture law.

(C)If there are multiple claims to the same property, the United States shall not be liable for costs and attorneys fees associated with any such claim if the United States—

(i)promptly recognizes such claim;

(ii)promptly returns the interest of the claimant in the property to the claimant, if the property can be divided without difficulty and there are no competing claims to that portion of the property;

(iii)does not cause the claimant to incur additional, reasonable costs or fees; and

(iv)prevails in obtaining forfeiture with respect to one or more of the other claims.

(D)If the court enters judgment in part for the claimant and in part for the Government, the court shall reduce the award of costs and attorney fees accordingly.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 818, 827 (R.S. §§ 970, 979). Section consolidates section 818 and 827 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., with changes of phraseology necessary to effect the consolidation. The words “in any proceeding to condemn or forfeit property” were inserted in conformity with the uniform course of judicial decisions. See Hammel v. Little, App.D.C. 1936, 87 F.2d 907, and cases there cited. The qualifying language of section 827 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., requiring the claimant to pay his own costs before the return of his property was omitted as unnecessary and involving a matter more properly for regulation by rule of court. (See section 1913, 1914, and 1925 of this title.) (See also section 2006 of this title with respect to actions against internal revenue officers and their liability for acts in the performance of official duties.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2000—Pub. L. 106–185 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “Upon the entry of judgment for the claimant in any proceeding to condemn or forfeit property seized under any Act of Congress, such property shall be returned forthwith to the claimant or his agent; but if it appears that there was reasonable cause for the seizure, the court shall cause a proper certificate thereof to be entered and the claimant shall not, in such case, be entitled to costs, nor shall the person who made the seizure, nor the prosecutor, be liable to suit or judgment on account of such suit or prosecution.”

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

of 2000 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 106–185 applicable to any forfeiture proceeding commenced on or after the date that is 120 days after Apr. 25, 2000, see section 21 of Pub. L. 106–185, set out as a note under section 1324 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.

§2465 Return of property to claimant; liability for wrongful seizure; attorney fees, costs, and interest