§11101 Findings

Codification Section was formerly classified to section 5601 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

2002—Pub. L. 107–273 amended heading and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “(a) The Congress hereby finds that— “(1) juveniles accounted for almost half the arrests for serious crimes in the United States in 1974 and for less than one-third of such arrests in 1983; “(2) recent trends show an upsurge in arrests of adolescents for murder, assault, and weapon use; “(3) the small number of youth who commit the most serious and violent offenses are becoming more violent; “(4) understaffed, overcrowded juvenile courts, prosecutorial and public defender offices, probation services, and correctional facilities and inadequately trained staff in such courts, services, and facilities are not able to provide individualized justice or effective help; “(5) present juvenile courts, foster and protective care programs, and shelter facilities are inadequate to meet the needs of children, who, because of this failure to provide effective services, may become delinquents; “(6) existing programs have not adequately responded to the particular problems of the increasing numbers of young people who are addicted to or who abuse alcohol and other drugs, particularly nonopiate or polydrug abusers; “(7) juvenile delinquency can be reduced through programs designed to keep students in elementary and secondary schools through the prevention of unwarranted and arbitrary suspensions and expulsions; “(8) States and local communities which experience directly the devastating failures of the juvenile justice system do not presently have sufficient technical expertise or adequate resources to deal comprehensively with the problems of juvenile delinquency; “(9) existing Federal programs have not provided the direction, coordination, resources, and leadership required to meet the crisis of delinquency; “(10) the juvenile justice system should give additional attention to the problem of juveniles who commit serious crimes, with particular attention given to the areas of sentencing, providing resources necessary for informed dispositions, and rehabilitation; “(11) emphasis should be placed on preventing youth from entering the juvenile justice system to begin with; and “(12) the incidence of juvenile delinquency can be reduced through public recreation programs and activities designed to provide youth with social skills, enhance self esteem, and encourage the constructive use of discretionary time. “(b) Congress finds further that the high incidence of delinquency in the United States today results in enormous annual cost and immeasurable loss of human life, personal security, and wasted human resources and that juvenile delinquency constitutes a growing threat to the national welfare requiring immediate and comprehensive action by the Federal Government to reduce and prevent delinquency.” 1992—Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 102–586, § 1(a)(2), added pars. (2) and (3). Former pars. (2) and (3) redesignated (4) and (5), respectively. Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 102–586, § 1(a)(1), (3), redesignated par. (2) as (4) and inserted “prosecutorial and public defender offices,”. Former par. (4) redesignated (6). Subsec. (a)(5) to (10). Pub. L. 102–586, § 1(a)(1), redesignated pars. (3) to (8) as (5) to (10), respectively. Subsec. (a)(11), (12). Pub. L. 102–586, § 1(a)(4)–(6), added pars. (11) and (12). 1984—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–473, § 611(1), substituted “accounted” for “account” and “in 1974 and for less than one-third of such arrests in 1983” for “today”. Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98–473, § 611(2), inserted “and inadequately trained staff in such courts, services, and facilities”. Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98–473, § 611(3), struck out “the countless, abandoned, and dependent” before “children, who”. Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 98–473, § 611(4), substituted “reduced” for “prevented”. 1980—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 96–509, § 3(1), inserted reference to alcohol abuse. Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 96–509, § 3(2)–(4), added par. (8).

of 2002 Amendment Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, § 12223, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1896, as amended by Pub. L. 108–7, div. B, title I, § 110(2), (3), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 67, provided that: “(a)

.—Except as provided in subsection (b), this subtitle [subtitle B (§§ 12201–12223) of title II of div. C of Pub. L. 107–273, see Tables for classification] and the

made by this subtitle shall take effect on the

provided in section 12102(b) [set out as a note under section 10401 of this title]. “(b) Application of

.—The

made by this subtitle shall apply only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the

provided in subsection (a).”

of 1988 Amendment Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7296, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4463, as amended by Pub. L. 101–204, title X, § 1001(d), Dec. 7, 1989, 103 Stat. 1827, provided that: “(a)

.—Except as provided in subsection (b), this subtitle [subtitle F (§§ 7250–7296) of title VII of Pub. L. 100–690, see Tables for classification] and the

made by this Act [probably should be subtitle] shall take effect on October 1, 1988. “(b) Application of

.—(1) The

made by section 7258(a) [amending section 11133 of this title] shall not apply to a State with respect to a fiscal year beginning before the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 18, 1988] if the State plan is approved before such date by the Administrator for such fiscal year. “(2) The

made by section 7253(b)(1) [amending section 11114 of this title] and section 7278 [enacting section 11277 of this title] shall not apply with respect to fiscal year 1989. “(3) Notwithstanding the 180-day period provided in—“(A) section 207 of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 5611 et seq.) [now 34 U.S.C. 11117], as added by section 7255; “(B) section 361 of the Runaway and Homeless Youth Act (42 U.S.C. 5701 et seq.) [now 34 U.S.C. 11273], as redesignated by section 7273(e)(2) and amended by section 7274; and “(C) section 404(a)(5) [now 404(a)(6)] of the Missing Children’s Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5773(a)(5) [now 34 U.S.C. 11293(a)(6)]), as amended by section 7285(a)(3); the reports required by such sections to be submitted with respect to fiscal year 1988 shall be submitted not later than August 1, 1989.”

of 1984 Amendment Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 670, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2129, provided that: “(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), this division [division II (§§ 610–670) of chapter VI of title II of Pub. L. 98–473, see Tables for classification] and the

made by this division shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this joint resolution [Oct. 12, 1984] or October 1, 1984, whichever occurs later. “(b) Paragraph (2) of section 331(c) of the Runaway and Homeless Youth Act [34 U.S.C. 11280], as added by section 657(d) of this division, shall not apply with respect to any grant or payment made before the

of this joint resolution [Oct. 12, 1984].”

of 1977 Amendment Pub. L. 93–415, title II, § 263(c), as added by Pub. L. 95–115, § 6(d)(2), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1058, which provided that except as otherwise provided by the Juvenile Justice

of 1977 (see

of 1977 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables), the

made by the Juvenile Justice

of 1977 were to take effect on Oct. 1, 1977, was repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449.

Pub. L. 93–415, title II, § 263(a), (b), Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1129, as amended by Pub. L. 94–273, § 32(a), Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 380; Pub. L. 95–115, § 6(d)(1), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1058, which provided that (a) except as provided by subsections (b) and (c) (formerly set out as an

of 1977 Amendment note above), the foregoing provisions of such Act (enacting subchapters I and II of this chapter and amending section 5108 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees) were to take effect on Sept. 7, 1974, and that (b) section 5614(b)(5) and 5614(b)(6) of this title was to become effective at the close of the thirty-first day of the twelfth calendar month of 1974 and section 5614(l) of this title was to become effective at the close of the thirtieth day of the eleventh month of 1976, was repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449.