§12312 — Title 34 Navy | U.S. Code

§12312 Confidentiality of communications between sexual assault or domestic violence victims and their counselors

Title 34 › Subtitle Subtitle I— - Comprehensive Acts › Chapter CHAPTER 121— - VIOLENT CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT › Subchapter SUBCHAPTER III— - VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN › Part Part A— - Safe Streets for Women › Subpart subpart 2— - assistance to victims of sexual assault › § 12312

Last updated Apr 6, 2026|Official source

Summary

The Attorney General must study how states protect private talks between sexual assault or domestic violence victims and their therapists or trained counselors. He must make model laws that give the strongest privacy protection that the Constitution allows. In making those model laws, he must weigh several things: that counseling needs real privacy to help victims recover; whether a total legal “privilege” for these talks is best but might clash with a criminal defendant’s right to evidence; and whether less-than-total rules should be used, such as allowing disclosure only after a defendant shows a specific, compelling need and courts use strong safeguards. He must share his findings and the model laws with state officials. By September 13, 1995, the Attorney General must report the study, the model law, and any recommendations to Congress. The Judicial Conference of the United States must also review and tell Congress whether the Federal Rules of Evidence should be changed to protect these communications in federal courts.

Title 34, §12312

Navy — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)The Attorney General shall—

(1)study and evaluate the manner in which the States have taken measures to protect the confidentiality of communications between sexual assault or domestic violence victims and their therapists or trained counselors;

(2)develop model legislation that will provide the maximum protection possible for the confidentiality of such communications, within any applicable constitutional limits, taking into account the following factors:

(A)the danger that counseling programs for victims of sexual assault and domestic violence will be unable to achieve their goal of helping victims recover from the trauma associated with these crimes if there is no assurance that the records of the counseling sessions will be kept confidential;

(B)consideration of the appropriateness of an absolute privilege for communications between victims of sexual assault or domestic violence and their therapists or trained counselors, in light of the likelihood that such an absolute privilege will provide the maximum guarantee of confidentiality but also in light of the possibility that such an absolute privilege may be held to violate the rights of criminal defendants under the Federal or State constitutions by denying them the opportunity to obtain exculpatory evidence and present it at trial; and

(C)consideration of what limitations on the disclosure of confidential communications between victims of these crimes and their counselors, short of an absolute privilege, are most likely to ensure that the counseling programs will not be undermined, and specifically whether no such disclosure should be allowed unless, at a minimum, there has been a particularized showing by a criminal defendant of a compelling need for records of such communications, and adequate procedural safeguards are in place to prevent unnecessary or damaging disclosures; and

(3)prepare and disseminate to State authorities the findings made and model legislation developed as a result of the study and evaluation.

(b)Not later than the date that is 1 year after September 13, 1994, the Attorney General shall report to the Congress—

(1)the findings of the study and the model legislation required by this section; and

(2)recommendations based on the findings on the need for and appropriateness of further action by the Federal Government.

(c)The Judicial Conference of the United States shall evaluate and report to Congress its views on whether the Federal Rules of Evidence should be amended, and if so, how they should be amended, to guarantee that the confidentiality of communications between sexual assault victims and their therapists or trained counselors will be adequately protected in Federal court proceedings.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Federal Rules of Evidence, referred to in subsec. (c), are set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. Codification Section was formerly classified to section 13942 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.