§231 — Title 47 Telegraphs, Telephones, and Radiotelegraphs | U.S. Code

Summary

It makes it a crime for someone who is in the business of posting commercial content on the World Wide Web to knowingly make web material that is harmful to minors available to anyone under 17. A violator can be fined up to $50,000, jailed up to 6 months, or both. If the violation is intentional, there can be an extra fine of up to $50,000 for each day it continues. There can also be civil penalties of up to $50,000 for each day of violation. Companies that only transmit, store, host, or link to others’ content (like phone carriers, Internet access providers, search tools, or hosts that do not select or change the content) are not treated as making the communication. It is a defense if the person, in good faith, used reasonable age checks such as a credit or debit card, an adult access code or PIN, a digital age certificate, or other feasible technology to block minors. People who act in good faith to use those defenses or to stop access cannot be sued for doing so. Information collected to enforce age limits must not be shared with anyone 17 or older without written or electronic consent from the adult or, if the person is under 17, the parent or guardian. Those who collect such information must protect it and may only share it when needed to provide the service or under a court order. Definitions (one line each): "By means of the World Wide Web" — placing material on a server so it is publicly reachable over the Internet using HTTP or a successor. "Commercial purposes"/"engaged in the business" — regularly posting or offering such web content to earn profit. "Internet" — the global network of computers using TCP/IP or a successor protocol. "Internet access service" — a service that lets users get online content, email, or other Internet services. "Internet information location tool" — a service that points or links users to web locations (like directories or links). "Material that is harmful to minors" — content that is obscene or appeals to prurient interest, shows offensive sexual acts for minors, and has no serious value for minors. "Minor" — anyone under 17 years of age.

Title 47, §231

Telegraphs, Telephones, and Radiotelegraphs — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)(1)Whoever knowingly and with knowledge of the character of the material, in interstate or foreign commerce by means of the World Wide Web, makes any communication for commercial purposes that is available to any minor and that includes any material that is harmful to minors shall be fined not more than $50,000, imprisoned not more than 6 months, or both.

(2)In addition to the penalties under paragraph (1), whoever intentionally violates such paragraph shall be subject to a fine of not more than $50,000 for each violation. For purposes of this paragraph, each day of violation shall constitute a separate violation.

(3)In addition to the penalties under paragraphs (1) and (2), whoever violates paragraph (1) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $50,000 for each violation. For purposes of this paragraph, each day of violation shall constitute a separate violation.

(b)For purposes of subsection (a), a person shall not be considered to make any communication for commercial purposes to the extent that such person is—

(1)a telecommunications carrier engaged in the provision of a telecommunications service;

(2)a person engaged in the business of providing an Internet access service;

(3)a person engaged in the business of providing an Internet information location tool; or

(4)similarly engaged in the transmission, storage, retrieval, hosting, formatting, or translation (or any combination thereof) of a communication made by another person, without selection or alteration of the content of the communication, except that such person’s deletion of a particular communication or material made by another person in a manner consistent with subsection (c) or section 230 of this title shall not constitute such selection or alteration of the content of the communication.

(c)(1)It is an affirmative defense to prosecution under this section that the defendant, in good faith, has restricted access by minors to material that is harmful to minors—

(A)by requiring use of a credit card, debit account, adult access code, or adult personal identification number;

(B)by accepting a digital certificate that verifies age; or

(C)by any other reasonable measures that are feasible under available technology.

(2)No cause of action may be brought in any court or administrative agency against any person on account of any activity that is not in violation of any law punishable by criminal or civil penalty, and that the person has taken in good faith to implement a defense authorized under this subsection or otherwise to restrict or prevent the transmission of, or access to, a communication specified in this section.

(d)(1)A person making a communication described in subsection (a)—

(A)shall not disclose any information collected for the purposes of restricting access to such communications to individuals 17 years of age or older without the prior written or electronic consent of—

(i)the individual concerned, if the individual is an adult; or

(ii)the individual’s parent or guardian, if the individual is under 17 years of age; and

(B)shall take such actions as are necessary to prevent unauthorized access to such information by a person other than the person making such communication and the recipient of such communication.

(2)A person making a communication described in subsection (a) may disclose such information if the disclosure is—

(A)necessary to make the communication or conduct a legitimate business activity related to making the communication; or

(B)made pursuant to a court order authorizing such disclosure.

(e)For purposes of this subsection,11 So in original. Probably should be “section,”. the following definitions shall apply:

(1)The term “by means of the World Wide Web” means by placement of material in a computer server-based file archive so that it is publicly accessible, over the Internet, using hypertext transfer protocol or any successor protocol.

(2)(A)A person shall be considered to make a communication for commercial purposes only if such person is engaged in the business of making such communications.

(B)The term “engaged in the business” means that the person who makes a communication, or offers to make a communication, by means of the World Wide Web, that includes any material that is harmful to minors, devotes time, attention, or labor to such activities, as a regular course of such person’s trade or business, with the objective of earning a profit as a result of such activities (although it is not necessary that the person make a profit or that the making or offering to make such communications be the person’s sole or principal business or source of income). A person may be considered to be engaged in the business of making, by means of the World Wide Web, communications for commercial purposes that include material that is harmful to minors, only if the person knowingly causes the material that is harmful to minors to be posted on the World Wide Web or knowingly solicits such material to be posted on the World Wide Web.

(3)The term “Internet” means the combination of computer facilities and electromagnetic transmission media, and related equipment and software, comprising the interconnected worldwide network of computer networks that employ the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol or any successor protocol to transmit information.

(4)The term “Internet access service” means a service that enables users to access content, information, electronic mail, or other services offered over the Internet, and may also include access to proprietary content, information, and other services as part of a package of services offered to consumers. Such term does not include telecommunications services.

(5)The term “Internet information location tool” means a service that refers or links users to an online location on the World Wide Web. Such term includes directories, indices, references, pointers, and hypertext links.

(6)The term “material that is harmful to minors” means any communication, picture, image, graphic image file, article, recording, writing, or other matter of any kind that is obscene or that—

(A)the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find, taking the material as a whole and with respect to minors, is designed to appeal to, or is designed to pander to, the prurient interest;

(B)depicts, describes, or represents, in a manner patently offensive with respect to minors, an actual or simulated sexual act or sexual contact, an actual or simulated normal or perverted sexual act, or a lewd exhibition of the genitals or post-pubescent female breast; and

(C)taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value for minors.

(7)The term “minor” means any person under 17 years of age.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective 30 days after Oct. 21, 1998, see section 1406 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as a note under section 223 of this title. Congressional Findings Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title XIV, § 1402, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–736, provided that: “The Congress finds that— “(1) while custody, care, and nurture of the child resides first with the parent, the widespread availability of the Internet presents opportunities for minors to access materials through the World Wide Web in a manner that can frustrate parental supervision or control; “(2) the protection of the physical and psychological well-being of minors by shielding them from materials that are harmful to them is a compelling governmental interest; “(3) to date, while the industry has developed innovative ways to help parents and educators restrict material that is harmful to minors through parental control protections and self-regulation, such efforts have not provided a national solution to the problem of minors accessing harmful material on the World Wide Web; “(4) a prohibition on the distribution of material harmful to minors, combined with legitimate defenses, is currently the most effective and least restrictive means by which to satisfy the compelling government interest; and “(5) notwithstanding the existence of protections that limit the distribution over the World Wide Web of material that is harmful to minors, parents, educators, and industry must continue efforts to find ways to protect children from being exposed to harmful material found on the Internet.” Study by Commission on Online Child Protection Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title XIV, § 1405, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–739, as amended by Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title V, § 5001(b)–(f), Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–591, 1501A–592; Pub. L. 106–229, title IV, § 401, June 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 476, established a Commission to study methods to reduce access by minors to harmful material on the Internet and provided that the Commission would terminate 30 days after submitting a report to Congress or Nov. 30, 2000, whichever occured earlier.

§231 Restriction of access by minors to materials commercially distributed by means of World Wide Web that are harmful to minors

Summary

Title 47, §231

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Citations & Metadata