§1803 — Title 50 War and National Defense | U.S. Code

Summary

The Chief Justice must pick 11 federal district judges from at least seven different circuits to form a special court that can approve electronic surveillance orders anywhere in the country. At least 3 of those judges must live within 20 miles of Washington, D.C. No single judge (except when the whole court hears a case together) may rehear an application that another judge on the court already denied. If a judge denies an application, the judge must immediately put each reason in writing and, if the government asks, send the sealed record to a three-judge review court the Chief Justice also must pick (one of those three is the presiding judge). The court can rehear cases with all its judges together when needed for consistent rules or if a question is very important. Proceedings must move quickly, be transcribed, and the records kept under security rules made by the Chief Justice with the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. Judges serve up to seven years; the first group’s terms are staggered so one term ends each year, and the first three judges on the review court serve 3, 5, and 7 years. The special court must create rules it needs and share them in unclassified form (with a classified annex if needed) with its judges, the Chief Justice, and key House and Senate judiciary and intelligence committees. The presiding judges had to name at least five people by 180 days after June 2, 2015, who can serve as amicus curiae (independent experts) to help on important or novel legal questions; those experts should have privacy, civil liberties, intelligence, or tech knowledge and be cleared for classified material if needed. Courts must usually appoint these experts in certain cases and may pay them. The law also creates a three-judge petition pool near D.C. to review some petitions and required the court to publish review procedures within 60 days after March 9, 2006. For orders targeting a U.S. person, the presiding judge must name one or more attorneys to review the application and give a written analysis of the evidence, any problems, and a recommendation (approve, deny, change, or ask for more info). Government officers who intentionally lie or act badly in these proceedings face discipline up to suspension without pay or firing.

Title 50, §1803

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(a)(1)The Chief Justice of the United States shall publicly designate 11 district court judges from at least seven of the United States judicial circuits of whom no fewer than 3 shall reside within 20 miles of the District of Columbia who shall constitute a court which shall have jurisdiction to hear applications for and grant orders approving electronic surveillance anywhere within the United States under the procedures set forth in this chapter, except that no judge designated under this subsection (except when sitting en banc under paragraph (2)) shall hear the same application for electronic surveillance under this chapter which has been denied previously by another judge designated under this subsection. If any judge so designated denies an application for an order authorizing electronic surveillance under this chapter, such judge shall provide immediately for the record a written statement of each reason for his decision and, on motion of the United States, the record shall be transmitted, under seal, to the court of review established in subsection (b).

(2)(A)The court established under this subsection may, on its own initiative, or upon the request of the Government in any proceeding or a party under section 1861(f) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title or paragraph (4) or (5) of section 1881a(i) of this title, hold a hearing or rehearing, en banc, when ordered by a majority of the judges that constitute such court upon a determination that—

(i)en banc consideration is necessary to secure or maintain uniformity of the court’s decisions; or

(ii)the proceeding involves a question of exceptional importance.

(B)Any authority granted by this chapter to a judge of the court established under this subsection may be exercised by the court en banc. When exercising such authority, the court en banc shall comply with any requirements of this chapter on the exercise of such authority.

(C)For purposes of this paragraph, the court en banc shall consist of all judges who constitute the court established under this subsection.

(b)The Chief Justice shall publicly designate three judges, one of whom shall be publicly designated as the presiding judge, from the United States district courts or courts of appeals who together shall comprise a court of review which shall have jurisdiction to review the denial of any application made under this chapter. If such court determines that the application was properly denied, the court shall provide for the record a written statement of each reason for its decision and, on petition of the United States for a writ of certiorari, the record shall be transmitted under seal to the Supreme Court, which shall have jurisdiction to review such decision.

(c)Proceedings under this chapter shall be conducted as expeditiously as possible, and hearings shall be transcribed. The record of proceedings under this chapter, including applications made, transcriptions of hearings, and orders granted, shall be maintained under security measures established by the Chief Justice in consultation with the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. Transcriptions and any related records, including testimony and affidavits, shall be stored in a file associated with the relevant application or order.

(d)Each judge designated under this section shall so serve for a maximum of seven years and shall not be eligible for redesignation, except that the judges first designated under subsection (a) shall be designated for terms of from one to seven years so that one term expires each year, and that judges first designated under subsection (b) shall be designated for terms of three, five, and seven years.

(e)(1)Three judges designated under subsection (a) who reside within 20 miles of the District of Columbia, or, if all of such judges are unavailable, other judges of the court established under subsection (a) as may be designated by the presiding judge of such court, shall comprise a petition review pool which shall have jurisdiction to review petitions filed pursuant to section 1861(f)(1) 1 or 1881a(i)(4) of this title.

(2)Not later than 60 days after March 9, 2006, the court established under subsection (a) shall adopt and, consistent with the protection of national security, publish procedures for the review of petitions filed pursuant to section 1861(f)(1) 1 or 1881a(i)(4) of this title by the panel established under paragraph (1). Such procedures shall provide that review of a petition shall be conducted in camera and shall also provide for the designation of an acting presiding judge.

(f)(1)A judge of the court established under subsection (a), the court established under subsection (b) or a judge of that court, or the Supreme Court of the United States or a justice of that court, may, in accordance with the rules of their respective courts, enter a stay of an order or an order modifying an order of the court established under subsection (a) or the court established under subsection (b) entered under any subchapter of this chapter, while the court established under subsection (a) conducts a rehearing, while an appeal is pending to the court established under subsection (b), or while a petition of certiorari is pending in the Supreme Court of the United States, or during the pendency of any review by that court.

(2)The authority described in paragraph (1) shall apply to an order entered under any provision of this chapter.

(g)(1)The courts established pursuant to subsections (a) and (b) may establish such rules and procedures, and take such actions, as are reasonably necessary to administer their responsibilities under this chapter.

(2)The rules and procedures established under paragraph (1), and any modifications of such rules and procedures, shall be recorded, and shall be transmitted to the following:

(A)All of the judges on the court established pursuant to subsection (a).

(B)All of the judges on the court of review established pursuant to subsection (b).

(C)The Chief Justice of the United States.

(D)The Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate.

(E)The Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate.

(F)The Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives.

(G)The Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives.

(3)The transmissions required by paragraph (2) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.

(h)Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to reduce or contravene the inherent authority of a court established under this section to determine or enforce compliance with an order or a rule of such court or with a procedure approved by such court.

(i)(1)The presiding judges of the courts established under subsections (a) and (b) shall, not later than 180 days after June 2, 2015, jointly designate not fewer than 5 individuals to be eligible to serve as amicus curiae, who shall serve pursuant to rules the presiding judges may establish. In designating such individuals, the presiding judges may consider individuals recommended by any source, including members of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, the judges determine appropriate.

(2)(A)A court established under subsection (a) or (b), consistent with the requirement of subsection (c) and any other statutory requirement that the court act expeditiously or within a stated time—

(i)shall appoint one or more individuals who have been designated under paragraph (1) to serve as amicus curiae to assist such court in the consideration of any application for an order or review that, in the opinion of the court, presents a novel or significant interpretation of the law, unless the court issues a finding that such appointment is not appropriate;

(ii)may appoint one or more individuals or organizations to serve as amicus curiae, including to provide technical expertise, in any instance as such court deems appropriate or, upon motion, permit an individual or organization leave to file an amicus curiae brief; and

(iii)shall appoint one or more individuals who have been designated under paragraph (1) to serve as amicus curiae to assist such court in the consideration of any certification or procedures submitted for review pursuant to section 1881a of this title, including any amendments to such certifications or procedures, if the court established under subsection (a) has not appointed an individual under clause (i) or (ii), unless the court issues a finding that such appointment is not appropriate or is likely to result in undue delay.

(B)In appointing one or more individuals under subparagraph (A)(iii), the court shall, to the maximum extent practicable, appoint an individual who possesses expertise in both privacy and civil liberties and intelligence collection.

(C)In the event that the court appoints one or more individuals or organizations pursuant to this paragraph to assist such court in a proceeding under section 1881a of this title, notwithstanding subsection (j)(1)(B) of such section, the court shall issue an order pursuant to subsection (j)(3) of such section as expeditiously as possible consistent with subsection (k)(1) of such section, but in no event later than 60 days after the date on which such certification, procedures, or amendments are submitted for the court’s review, or later than 60 days after the court has issued an order appointing one or more individuals pursuant to this paragraph, whichever is earlier, unless a judge of that court issues an order finding that extraordinary circumstances necessitate additional time for review and that such extension of time is consistent with the national security.

(3)(A)Individuals designated under paragraph (1) shall be persons who possess expertise in privacy and civil liberties, intelligence collection, communications technology, or any other area that may lend legal or technical expertise to a court established under subsection (a) or (b).

(B)Individuals designated pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be persons who are determined to be eligible for access to classified information necessary to participate in matters before the courts. Amicus curiae appointed by the court pursuant to paragraph (2) shall be persons who are determined to be eligible for access to classified information, if such access is necessary to participate in the matters in which they may be appointed.

(4)If a court established under subsection (a) or (b) appoints an amicus curiae under paragraph (2), the amicus curiae shall—

(A)be limited to addressing the specific issues identified by the court; and

(B)provide to the court, as appropriate—

(i)legal arguments that advance the protection of individual privacy and civil liberties of United States persons;

(ii)information related to intelligence collection or communications technology; or

(iii)legal arguments or information regarding any other area relevant to the issue presented to the court.

(5)An amicus curiae appointed under paragraph (2)(A) may request that the court designate or appoint additional amici curiae pursuant to paragraph (1) or paragraph (2), to be available to assist the amicus curiae.

(6)(A)If a court established under subsection (a) or (b) appoints an amicus curiae under paragraph (2), the amicus curiae—

(i)shall have access to any legal precedent, application, certification, petition, motion, or such other materials that the court determines are relevant to the duties of the amicus curiae; and

(ii)may, if the court determines that it is relevant to the duties of the amicus curiae, consult with any other individuals designated pursuant to paragraph (1) regarding information relevant to any assigned proceeding.

(B)The Attorney General may periodically brief or provide relevant materials to individuals designated pursuant to paragraph (1) regarding constructions and interpretations of this chapter and legal, technological, and other issues related to actions authorized by this chapter.

(C)An amicus curiae designated or appointed by the court may have access to classified documents, information, and other materials or proceedings only if that individual is eligible for access to classified information and to the extent consistent with the national security of the United States.

(D)Nothing in this section shall be construed to require the Government to provide information to an amicus curiae appointed by the court that is privileged from disclosure.

(7)A presiding judge of a court established under subsection (a) or (b) shall notify the Attorney General of each exercise of the authority to appoint an individual to serve as amicus curiae under paragraph (2).

(8)A court established under subsection (a) or (b) may request and receive (including on a nonreimbursable basis) the assistance of the executive branch in the implementation of this subsection.

(9)A court established under subsection (a) or (b) may provide for the designation, appointment, removal, training, or other support for an individual designated to serve as amicus curiae under paragraph (1) or appointed to serve as amicus curiae under paragraph (2) in a manner that is not inconsistent with this subsection.

(10)Nothing in this subsection shall limit the ability of a court established under subsection (a) or (b) to request or receive information or materials from, or otherwise communicate with, the Government or amicus curiae appointed under paragraph (2) on an ex parte basis, nor limit any special or heightened obligation in any ex parte communication or proceeding.

(11)Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a court established under subsection (a) or (b) may compensate an amicus curiae appointed under paragraph (2) for assistance provided under such paragraph as the court considers appropriate and at such rate as the court considers appropriate.

(j)Following issuance of an order under this chapter, a court established under subsection (a) shall certify for review to the court established under subsection (b) any question of law that may affect resolution of the matter in controversy that the court determines warrants such review because of a need for uniformity or because consideration by the court established under subsection (b) would serve the interests of justice. Upon certification of a question of law under this subsection, the court established under subsection (b) may give binding instructions or require the entire record to be sent up for decision of the entire matter in controversy.

(k)(1)For purposes of section 1254(2) of title 28, the court of review established under subsection (b) shall be considered to be a court of appeals.

(2)Upon certification of an application under paragraph (1), the Supreme Court of the United States may appoint an amicus curiae designated under subsection (i)(1), or any other person, to provide briefing or other assistance.

(l)To assist the court in the consideration of any application for an order pursuant to section 1804 of this title that targets a United States person, the presiding judge designated under subsection (a) shall designate one or more attorneys to review such applications, and provide a written analysis to the judge considering the application, of—

(1)the sufficiency of the evidence used to make the probable cause determination under section 1805(a)(2) of this title;

(2)any material weaknesses, flaws, or other concerns in the application; and

(3)a recommendation as to the following, which the judge shall consider during a proceeding on the application in which such attorney is present, as appropriate—

(A)that the application should be approved, denied, or modified;

(B)that the Government should supply additional information in connection with such application; or

(C)that any requirements or conditions should be imposed on the Government for the approval of such application.

(m)An officer or employee of the United States Government who engages in intentional misconduct with respect to proceedings before the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court or the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review shall be subject to appropriate adverse actions, including, at minimum, suspension without pay or removal, up to and including termination.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), (c), (f), (g)(1), (h), (i)(6)(B), and (j), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 95–511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1783, known as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 1801 of this title and Tables. section 1861(f) of this title, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2)(A) and (e), means section 1861(f) of this title prior to the amendment of section 1861 by Pub. L. 109–177, title I, § 102(b), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 195, set out as an

Effective Date

of 2006 Amendment note under section 1805 of this title, which amended section 1861 of this title, effective Mar. 15, 2020, so that such section read as it read on Oct. 25, 2001, with certain exceptions.

Amendments

2024—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 118–49, § 8(a), inserted “, and hearings shall be transcribed” after “as expeditiously as possible”, “, transcriptions of hearings,” after “applications made”, and “Transcriptions and any related records, including testimony and affidavits, shall be stored in a file associated with the relevant application or order.” at end. Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 118–49, § 5(b)(1)(A), (B), (D), designated introductory provisions as subpar. (A), inserted heading, redesignated former subpars. (A) and (B) as cls. (i) and (ii), respectively, of subpar. (A), and added subpars. (B) and (C). Subsec. (i)(2)(A)(i). Pub. L. 118–49, § 5(b)(1)(C)(i)(I), substituted “appoint one or more individuals who have” for “appoint an individual who has”. Subsec. (i)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 118–49, § 5(b)(1)(C)(ii)(I), substituted “appoint one or more individuals or organizations” for “appoint an individual or organization”. Subsec. (i)(2)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 118–49, § 5(b)(1)(C)(i)(II), (ii)(II), (iii), added cl. (iii). Subsec. (i)(4). Pub. L. 118–49, § 5(b)(2)(C), (D), added subpars. (A) and (B) and redesignated former subpars. (A) to (C) as cls. (i) to (iii), respectively, of subpar. (B). Pub. L. 118–49, § 5(b)(2)(A), (B), in introductory provisions, substituted “paragraph (2)” for “paragraph (2)(A)” and struck out “provide to the court, as appropriate” after “shall”. Subsec. (i)(4)(B)(i). Pub. L. 118–49, § 5(b)(2)(E), inserted “of United States persons” after “civil liberties”. Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 118–49, § 5(c), added subsec. (l). Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 118–49, § 17(a), added subsec. (m). 2018—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 115–118, § 101(b)(2)(A), substituted “section 1881a(i)” for “section 1881a(h)”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–118, § 205(b)(1)(A), struck out “immediately” before “provide for the record”. Pub. L. 115–118, § 205(a)(1), which directed substitution of “designated as the” for “designate as the”, could not be executed because the words “designate as the” do not appear. Subsec. (e)(1), (2). Pub. L. 115–118, § 101(b)(2)(A), which directed substitution of “section 1881a(i)” for “section 1881a(h)”, was executed by substituting “1881a(i)(4)” for “1881a(h)(4)” to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 115–118, § 205(b)(1)(B), substituted “a court established under this section” for “the court established under subsection (a)”. Subsec. (i)(11). Pub. L. 115–118, § 106, added par. (11). 2015—Subsecs. (i) to (k). Pub. L. 114–23 added subsecs. (i) to (k). 2010—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 111–259, § 806(a)(2), made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 108–458. See 2004 Amendment note below. Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 111–259, § 801(2), redesignated subsec. (i) as (h). 2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–261, § 109(a)–(b)(2)(A), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted “at least” before “seven of the United States judicial circuits” and “(except when sitting en banc under paragraph (2))” before “shall hear”, and added par. (2). Subsec. (e)(1), (2). Pub. L. 110–261, § 403(a)(1)(B)(ii), which directed substitution of “1861(f)(1) or 1881a(h)(4)” for “1805b(h) or 1861(f)(1)”, was executed by making the substitution for “1861(f)(1)” to reflect the probable intent of Congress and termination of the temporary amendment by Pub. L. 110–55, § 5(a). See 2007 Amendment note and Effective and Termination Dates of 2007 Amendment note below. Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 110–261, § 109(c), added subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g). Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 110–261, § 109(d), added subsec. (i). 2007—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 110–55, §§ 5(a), 6(c), temporarily substituted “1805b(h) or 1861(f)(1)” for “1861(f)(1)” in pars. (1) and (2). See Effective and Termination Dates of 2007 Amendment note below. 2006—Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 109–177 added subsecs. (e) and (f). 2004—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–458, as amended by Pub. L. 111–259, § 806(a)(2), substituted “Director of National Intelligence” for “Director of Central Intelligence”. 2001—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–56 substituted “11 district court judges” for “seven district court judges” and inserted “of whom no fewer than 3 shall reside within 20 miles of the District of Columbia” after “judicial circuits”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

of 2008 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 110–261 effective July 10, 2008, except as provided in section 404 of Pub. L. 110–261, set out as a Transition Procedures note under section 1801 of this title, see section 402 of Pub. L. 110–261, set out as an

Effective Date

of 2008 Amendment note under section 1801 of this title. Effective and Termination Dates of 2007 Amendment Pub. L. 110–55, § 6, Aug. 5, 2007, 121 Stat. 556, as amended by Pub. L. 110–182, § 1, Jan. 31, 2008, 122 Stat. 605; Pub. L. 110–261, title IV, § 403(a)(3), July 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2474, provided that: “(a)

Effective Date

.—Except as otherwise provided, the

Amendments

made by this Act [enacting sections 1805a to 1805c of this title and amending this section] shall take effect immediately after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 2007]. “[(b) Repealed. Pub. L. 110–261, title IV, § 403(a)(3), July 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2474.] “(c) Sunset.—Except as provided in subsection (d), section 2, 3, 4, and 5 of this Act [enacting sections 1805a to 1805c of this title and amending this section], and the

Amendments

made by this Act [enacting sections 1805a to 1805c of this title and amending this section], shall cease to have effect 195 days after the date of the enactment of this Act. “(d) Authorizations in Effect.—Authorizations for the acquisition of foreign intelligence information pursuant to the

Amendments

made by this Act, and directives issued pursuant to such authorizations, shall remain in effect until their expiration. Such acquisitions shall be governed by the applicable provisions of such

Amendments

and shall not be deemed to constitute electronic surveillance as that term is defined in section 101(f) of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1801(f)).” [Repeal by Pub. L. 110–261 of section 6(b) of Pub. L. 110–55, set out above, effective July 10, 2008, except as provided in section 404 of Pub. L. 110–261, set out as a Transition Procedures note under section 1801 of this title, see section 402 of Pub. L. 110–261, set out as an

Effective Date

of 2008 Amendment note under section 1801 of this title.]

Effective Date

of 2004 AmendmentFor Determination by President that amendment by Pub. L. 108–458 take effect on Apr. 21, 2005, see Memorandum of President of the United States, Apr. 21, 2005, 70 F.R. 23925, set out as a note under section 3001 of this title. Amendment by Pub. L. 108–458 effective not later than six months after Dec. 17, 2004, except as otherwise expressly provided, see section 1097(a) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out in an

Effective Date

of 2004 Amendment; Transition Provisions note under section 3001 of this title. Member Access to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review Pub. L. 118–49, § 5(d), Apr. 20, 2024, 138 Stat. 870, provided that: “The chair and ranking minority member of each of the congressional intelligence committees, the chairs and ranking members of the Committees on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and of the Senate, the Majority and Minority Leaders of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives shall be entitled to attend any proceeding of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court or any proceeding of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review. Each person entitled to attend a proceeding pursuant to this paragraph may designate not more than 2 staff members of such committee or office to attend on their behalf, pursuant to such procedures as the Attorney General, in consultation with the Director of National Intelligence may establish.”

§1803 Designation of judges

Summary

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