Country exposure · KZ
Kazakhstan
Central Asia · Astana · presidential republic
What Kazakhstan means for your money — the prices you pay, the tariffs in motion, and where U.S. policy could change both.
$4.1B
U.S. imports, 2025
+73.4%
change in one year
$986M
U.S. exports, 2025
20M
Population
$288.4B
GDP
In your house
What you buy that Kazakhstan makes
America bought $4.1B in goods from Kazakhstan in 2025 — up 73.4% in a single year. Of every $100 of it, here's where the money went.
Finished metal shapes
$2.2B53.6%
Crude oil
$761M18.7%
Other precious metals
$450M11%
Nuclear fuel materials
$215M5.3%
Steelmaking materials
$150M3.7%
Nonferrous metals, other
$127M3.1%
Copper
copper for wiring
$78M1.9%
Fuel oil
fuel oil
$21M0.5%
Chemicals-inorganic
$21M0.5%
U.s. goods returned, and reimports
$16M0.4%
2026 so far (through April): $369M in imports. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade in Goods (customs basis).
The other direction
What America sells to Kazakhstan
$986M in 2025 — a trade rupture cuts both ways, for American producers as well as American prices.
Civilian aircraft, engines, equipment, and parts
$230MIndustrial engines
$92MGenerators, accessories
$54MPassenger cars, new and used
$52Mnew and used cars
Chemicals-other
$46MElectric apparatus
$44MIndustrial machines, other
$41MRailway transportation equipment
$41MOther foods
$35MWhere you stand
U.S. tariff posture toward Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan was assigned 27% in April 2025, reduced to 25% in August — the harshest rate in Central Asia on paper — but the impact is minimal: oil, uranium, silver, ferroalloys, tantalum, and titanium are exempt, covering roughly 95% of Kazakh exports to the U.S. (crude oil alone is over half). No formal deal was reached. Executive Order 14389 (Ending Certain Tariff Actions, Feb 20, 2026) terminated the IEEPA reciprocal duties, and Proclamation 11012 replaced it with a 10% Section 122 temporary import surcharge effective February 24, 2026; energy and strategic-mineral imports remain exempt. Kazakhstan has no Section 232 steel/aluminum exposure.
Reciprocal tariff (assigned — terminated)
27%
The rate this country was assigned under the EO 14257 reciprocal Annex — no longer in force. The Supreme Court struck down the IEEPA tariffs and they were terminated February 24, 2026 (EO 14389), replaced by a universal ~10% Section 122 surcharge. See the timeline below for the current effective rate.
Policy in motion
Tariff status: a moving target
U.S. tariff policy toward Kazakhstan has changed 4 times since 2025. This page tracks it.
2026-02-24
IEEPA reciprocal tariffs terminated — replaced by 10% Section 122
In effectExecutive Order 14389 (Ending Certain Tariff Actions) terminated the IEEPA tariff duties effective February 24, 2026, replacing Kazakhstan's 25% reciprocal rate with a 10% Section 122 temporary import surcharge under Proclamation 11012 (capped at 150 days); energy and strategic-mineral imports remain exempt.
91 FR 9437 →2025-08-07
Rate set at 25% — no deal reached
In effectExecutive Order 14326 set the post-pause Annex I reciprocal rates; Kazakhstan's rate was lowered to 25% effective August 7, 2025 with no formal agreement, the oil and strategic-mineral exemptions leaving most exports untouched.
90 FR 37963 →2025-04-10
Elevated reciprocal rates paused to 10% for 90 days
In effectExecutive Order 14266 suspended the higher country-specific reciprocal rates — including Kazakhstan's 27% — back to the 10% baseline for 90 days.
90 FR 15625 →2025-04-05
Reciprocal tariff regime begins — Kazakhstan assigned 27% (oil/minerals exempt)
In effectExecutive Order 14257 imposed a 10% universal reciprocal duty effective April 5 and a 27% country-specific rate for Kazakhstan scheduled to take effect April 9 — but oil, uranium, silver, ferroalloys, tantalum, and titanium, about 95% of Kazakh exports, were carved out.
90 FR 15041 →
Made for America
What Kazakhstan makes for America
Kazakhstan is a direct U.S. source of 2 essential goods Americans rely on — the items themselves, shipped finished off the line.
Go deeper
The supply chain view
Kazakhstan sits upstream of 11 essential American goods through 12 tracked inputs.
mineral
43%Low-Enriched Uranium (LEU) Nuclear Fuel
mineral
22%Low-Enriched Uranium (LEU) Nuclear Fuel
mineral
10%Yellow Phosphorus (P4) — Organophosphate Feedstock
energy
8%Uranium ore & natural concentrates (U3O8)
agricultural
7%Durum Wheat / Semolina
mineral
6%Silver (low-e sputtering target)
Reference
The country itself
Central Asia · Geography, people, economy, and government — public-domain data from the CIA World Factbook.
Ethnic Kazakhs derive from a mix of Turkic nomadic tribes that migrated to the region in the 15th century. The Russian Empire conquered the Kazakh steppe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1925. Forced agricultural collectivization led to repression and starvation, resulting in more than a million deaths in the early 1930s. During the 1950s and 1960s, the agricultural "Virgin Lands" program generated an influx of settlers -- mostly ethnic Russians, but also other nationalities -- and by the time of Kazakhstan’s independence in 1991, ethnic Kazakhs were a minority. However, non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s, and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs (from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, and the Xinjiang region of China) to Kazakhstan. As a result of this shift, the ethnic Kazakh share of the population now exceeds two-thirds. Kazakhstan's economy is the largest in Central Asia, mainly due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include diversifying the economy, attracting foreign direct investment, enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness, and strengthening economic relations with neighboring states and foreign powers.
Geography
- Location
- Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural (Oral) River in easternmost Europe
- Area
- 2,724,900 sq km
- Climate
- continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
- Terrain
- vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south
- Natural resources
- major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
- Coastline
- 0 km (landlocked)
- Natural hazards
- earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty
People & society
- Population
- 20,432,662 (2025 est.)
- Nationality
- Kazakhstani(s)
- Ethnic groups
- Kazakh 71%, Russian 14.9%, Uzbek 3.3%, Ukrainian 1.9%, Uyghurs 1.5%, German 1.1%, Tatar 1.1%, other 4.9%, unspecified 0.3% (2023 est.)
- Languages
- Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 80.1%, Russian 83.7%, English 35.1% (2021 est.)
- Religions
- Muslim 69.3%, Christian 17.2% (Orthodox 17%, other 0.2%), Buddhism 0.1%, other 0.1%, non-believers 2.3%, unspecified 11% (2021 est.)
- Median age
- 32.1 years (2025 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth
- 73.3 years (2024 est.)
Economy
- Economic overview
- upper-middle-income Central Asian economy; robust growth due to rising oil production, expansion in manufacturing and services, rising domestic demand, and infrastructure investments; however, rapid growth contributing to high inflation rate; declining unemployment and poverty rates
- Industries
- oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, uranium, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials
- Agricultural products
- wheat, milk, barley, potatoes, watermelons, cantaloupes/melons, sunflower seeds, maize, onions, tomatoes (2023)
- Exports - partners
- China 16%, UK 15%, Russia 10%, Turkey 6%, Italy 5% (2023)
- Imports - partners
- China 28%, Russia 24%, Gambia, The 4%, Turkey 4%, USA 4% (2023)
Government
- Government type
- presidential republic
- Capital
- Astana
- Independence
- 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
- Constitution
- previous 1937, 1978 (pre-independence), 1993; latest approved by referendum 30 August 1995, effective 5 September 1995
- Executive branch
- President Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (since 20 March 2019)
- Legislative branch
- Parliament (Parlament)
Full reference data
Every field, by section — CIA World Factbook. Open a topic to expand it.
Introduction
Background
Ethnic Kazakhs derive from a mix of Turkic nomadic tribes that migrated to the region in the 15th century. The Russian Empire conquered the Kazakh steppe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1925. Forced agricultural collectivization led to repression and starvation, resulting in more than a million deaths in the early 1930s. During the 1950s and 1960s, the agricultural "Virgin Lands" program generated an influx of settlers -- mostly ethnic Russians, but also other nationalities -- and by the time of Kazakhstan’s independence in 1991, ethnic Kazakhs were a minority. However, non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s, and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs (from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, and the Xinjiang region of China) to Kazakhstan. As a result of this shift, the ethnic Kazakh share of the population now exceeds two-thirds. Kazakhstan's economy is the largest in Central Asia, mainly due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include diversifying the economy, attracting foreign direct investment, enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness, and strengthening economic relations with neighboring states and foreign powers.
Travel Facts
US State Dept Travel Advisory
The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens exercise increased caution in Kazakhstan due to the possibility of civil unrest. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws, and special circumstances in this country. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements
US citizens should make sure their passport will not expire for at least 3 months after they enter the country even if they do not intend to stay that long. A visa is not required as long as you do not stay in the country more than 30 days or the traveler is engaging in employment or missionary activities that will require a visa.
US Embassy/Consulate
+(7) (7172) 70-21-00; EMER: 011-7-717-270-21-00 from the US; US Embassy in Astana, Rakhymzhan Koshkarbayev Ave, No. 3, Astana, Kazakhstan, 010010; USAKZ@state.gov; https://kz.usembassy.gov/
Telephone Code
7
Local Emergency Phone
3
Vaccinations
An International Certificate of Vaccination for yellow fever is required for travelers arriving from countries with a risk of yellow fever transmission and for travelers having transited through the airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission. See WHO recommendations. http://www.who.int/
Climate
Continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Currency (Code)
Tenge (KZT)
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s)
220 V / 50 Hz / plug types(s): C, F
Major Languages
Kazakh, trilingual (Kazakh, Russian, English), Russian (used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication")
Major Religions
Muslim 70.2%, Christian 26.2% (mainly Russian Orthodox), other 0.2%, atheist 2.8%
Time Difference
UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time); note: Kazakhstan has two time zones
Potable Water
Opt for bottled water
International Driving Permit
Suggested
Road Driving Side
Right
Tourist Destinations
Korgalzhyn Nature Reserve; Ruins of Sauran; Taraz (Talas); Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi; Petroglyphs of Tamgaly
Major Sports
Soccer, rugby, ice hockey, speed skating, weightlifting
Cultural Practices
Flowers, quality alcohol, or chocolates are good choices for gifts if invited into a household.
Tipping Guidelines
Tipping is not customary since a service charge is included in restaurant and hotel bills. There is also a fixed charge on taxi and railway transport, so many taxi drivers will refuse tips unless travelers insist repeatedly.
Souvenirs
Stringed instruments; wool rugs, coats, vests, and hats; batik and silk scarves, mats, and wall hangings; traditional dresses; leather water flasks and other goods; gold and silver items; camel- and yurt-themed items
Traditional Cuisine
Beshbarmak — horse or lamb meat with flat noodles and onion sauce
CIA source last updated
Wednesday, October 05, 2022
Travel resources
Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.
World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.
US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.
To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs: American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)
How to get help in an emergency? Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers: from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444
Page last updated: Wednesday, October 05, 2022
Geography
Location
Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural (Oral) River in easternmost Europe
Geographic coordinates
48 00 N, 68 00 E
Map references
Asia
Area - total
2,724,900 sq km
Area - land
2,699,700 sq km
Area - water
25,200 sq km
Area - comparative
slightly less than four times the size of Texas
Land boundaries - total
13,364 km
Land boundaries - border countries
China 1,765 km; Kyrgyzstan 1,212 km; Russia 7,644 km; Turkmenistan 413 km; Uzbekistan 2,330 km
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Coastline - note
note: Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Climate
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Terrain
vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south
Elevation - highest point
Pik Khan-Tengri 7,010 m note - the northern most 7,000 meter peak in the World
Elevation - lowest point
Qauyndy Oyysy -132 m
Elevation - mean elevation
387 m
Natural resources
major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Land use - agricultural land
79.4% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 11% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 68.3% (2023 est.)
Land use - forest
1.3% (2023 est.)
Land use - other
19.3% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
17,794 sq km (2022)
Major lakes (area sq km) - fresh water lake(s)
Ozero Balkhash - 22,000 sq km; Ozero Zaysan - 1,800 sq km
Major lakes (area sq km) - salt water lake(s)
Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Russia) - 374,000 sq km; Aral Sea (north) - 3,300 sq km; Ozero Alakol - 2,650 sq km; Ozero Teniz 1,590 sq km; Ozero Seletytenzi - 780 sq km; Ozero Sasykkol - 740 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km)
Syr Darya river mouth (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan) - 3,078 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km) - Internal (endorheic basin) drainage
Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km), Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)
Population distribution
most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country
Natural hazards
earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty
Geography - note
world's largest landlocked country and one of only two landlocked countries in the world that extends into two continents (the other is Azerbaijan); Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km (2,317 sq mi) of territory enclosing the Baikonur Cosmodrome
People and Society
Population - total
20,432,662 (2025 est.)
Population - male
9,902,303
Population - female
10,530,359
Nationality - noun
Kazakhstani(s)
Nationality - adjective
Kazakhstani
Ethnic groups
Kazakh 71%, Russian 14.9%, Uzbek 3.3%, Ukrainian 1.9%, Uyghurs 1.5%, German 1.1%, Tatar 1.1%, other 4.9%, unspecified 0.3% (2023 est.)
Languages - Languages
Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 80.1%, Russian 83.7%, English 35.1% (2021 est.)
Languages - major-language sample(s)
Әлемдік деректер кітабы, негізгі ақпараттың таптырмайтын көзі. (Kazakh) Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Languages - note
note: percentages are based on population that understands the spoken language
Religions
Muslim 69.3%, Christian 17.2% (Orthodox 17%, other 0.2%), Buddhism 0.1%, other 0.1%, non-believers 2.3%, unspecified 11% (2021 est.)
Age structure - 0-14 years
27.6% (male 2,883,200/female 2,712,772)
Age structure - 15-64 years
62.8% (male 6,233,881/female 6,486,019)
Age structure - 65 years and over
9.6% (2024 est.) (male 700,091/female 1,244,043)
Dependency ratios - total dependency ratio
59.4 (2025 est.)
Dependency ratios - youth dependency ratio
43.6 (2025 est.)
Dependency ratios - elderly dependency ratio
15.8 (2025 est.)
Dependency ratios - potential support ratio
6.3 (2025 est.)
Median age - total
32.1 years (2025 est.)
Median age - male
30 years
Median age - female
33.8 years
Population growth rate
0.83% (2025 est.)
Birth rate
16.83 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
8.1 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate
-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution
most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country
Urbanization - urban population
58.2% of total population (2023)
Urbanization - rate of urbanization
1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population
1.987 million Almaty, 1.291 million NUR-SULTAN (capital), 1.155 million Shimkent (2023)
Sex ratio - at birth
1.07 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 15-64 years
0.96 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 65 years and over
0.56 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - total population
0.94 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
28.9 years (2019 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
10 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate - total
7.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Infant mortality rate - male
8.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Infant mortality rate - female
7 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population
73.3 years (2024 est.)
Life expectancy at birth - male
69 years
Life expectancy at birth - female
77.9 years
Total fertility rate
2.57 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
1.24 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: urban
urban: 98% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: urban
urban: 2% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
3.9% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
10.6% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
3.75 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Hospital bed density
6.7 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: urban
urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: rural
rural: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: total
total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: urban
urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: rural
rural: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: total
total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
21% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita - total
3.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - beer
2.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - wine
0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - spirits
1.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use - total
20.1% (2025 est.)
Tobacco use - male
35.7% (2025 est.)
Tobacco use - female
6.3% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
63.8% (2021 est.)
Child marriage - women married by age 15
0.2% (2015)
Child marriage - women married by age 18
7% (2015)
Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% GDP)
4.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% national budget)
22% national budget (2024 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - total
14 years (2024 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - male
14 years (2024 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - female
14 years (2024 est.)
Government
Country name - conventional long form
Republic of Kazakhstan
Country name - conventional short form
Kazakhstan
Country name - local long form
Qazaqstan Respublikasy
Country name - local short form
Qazaqstan
Country name - former
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Country name - etymology
the name may derive from the Turkic word kazak, meaning "nomad;" the Persian suffix - stan means "place of" or "country"
Government type
presidential republic
Capital - name
Astana
Capital - geographic coordinates
51 10 N, 71 25 E
Capital - time difference
UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Capital - time zone note
On 1 March 2024, Kazakhstan moved from using two time zones to one
Capital - etymology
the name means "capital city" in Kazakh
Capital - note
note: founded in 1830 as Akmoly, the capital city became Akmolinsk in 1832, Tselinograd in 1961, Akmola (Aqmola) in 1992, Astana in 1998, and Nur-Sultan in 2019; the latest name change back to Astana in 2022 occurred just three and a half years after the city was renamed to honor a former president, who subsequently fell out of favor
Administrative divisions
17 provinces ( oblystar , singular - oblys ) and 4 cities* ( qalalar , singular - qala ); Abay (Semey), Almaty (Qonaev), Almaty*, Aqmola (Kokshetau), Aqtobe, Astana*, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan [West Kazakhstan] (Oral), Bayqongyr*, Mangghystau (Aqtau), Pavlodar, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Shyghys Qazaqstan [East Kazakhstan] (Oskemen), Shymkent*, Soltustik Qazaqstan [North Kazakhstan] (Petropavl), Turkistan, Ulytau (Zhezqazghan), Zhambyl (Taraz), Zhetisu (Taldyqorghan)
Administrative divisions - note
note 1: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; exceptions show the administrative center name in parentheses note 2: in 1995, the Kazakh and Russian governments agreed that Russia would lease for 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km (2,317 sq mi) around the Baikonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baikonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, the lease was extended to 2050
Legal system
civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and by the theory and practice of the Russian Federation
Constitution - history
previous 1937, 1978 (pre-independence), 1993; latest approved by referendum 30 August 1995, effective 5 September 1995
Constitution - amendment process
introduced by a referendum initiated by the president of the republic, on the recommendation of Parliament, or by the government; the president has the option of submitting draft amendments to Parliament or directly to a referendum; passage of amendments by Parliament requires four-fifths majority vote of both houses and the signature of the president; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote by more than one half of the voters in at least two thirds of the oblasts, major cities, and the capital, followed by the signature of the president
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship - citizenship by birth
no
Citizenship - citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Kazakhstan
Citizenship - dual citizenship recognized
no
Citizenship - residency requirement for naturalization
5 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch - chief of state
President Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (since 20 March 2019)
Executive branch - head of government
Prime Minister Olzhas BEKTENOV (since 6 February 2024)
Executive branch - cabinet
the president appoints ministers based on the prime minister's recommendations; the president has veto power over all appointments and independently appoints the ministers of defense, internal affairs, and foreign affairs
Executive branch - election/appointment process
president directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a single 7-year term (prior to September 2022, the president of Kazakhstan could serve up to two 5-year terms; legislation reduced it to one 7-year term); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Mazhilis
Executive branch - most recent election date
20 November 2022
Executive branch - election results
2024: Olzhas BEKTENOV elected as prime minister; 69-0 in parliament 2022 : Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Kassym-Jomart TOKAYEV (Amanat) 81.3%, Zhiguli DAYRABAEV (Auyl) 3.4%, Qaraqat or Karakat ÄBDEN (KÄQŪA) 2.6%, Meyram KAZHYKEN (Amanat) 2.5%, Nurlan AUYESBAYEV (NSDP) 2.2%, Saltanat TURSYNBEKOVA (QA-DJ) 2.1%, other 5.8% 2019 : Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV elected president; percent of vote - Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (Amanat) 71%, Amirzhan KOSANOV (Ult Tagdyry) 16.2%, Daniya YESPAYEVA (Ak Zhol) 5.1%, other 7.7%
Executive branch - expected date of next election
2029
Legislative branch - legislature name
Parliament (Parlament)
Legislative branch - legislative structure
bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber - chamber name
House of Representatives (Mazhilis)
Legislative branch - lower chamber - number of seats
98 (all directly elected)
Legislative branch - lower chamber - electoral system
mixed system
Legislative branch - lower chamber - scope of elections
full renewal
Legislative branch - lower chamber - term in office
5 years
Legislative branch - lower chamber - most recent election date
3/19/2023
Legislative branch - lower chamber - parties elected and seats per party
Amanat party (62); Auyl party (8); Ak Zhol Democratic Party of Kazakhstan (6); Respublica (6); People's Party of Kazakhstan (5); Independents (7); Other (4)
Legislative branch - lower chamber - percentage of women in chamber
18.4%
Legislative branch - lower chamber - expected date of next election
March 2028
Legislative branch - upper chamber - chamber name
Senate
Legislative branch - upper chamber - number of seats
50 (40 indirectly elected; 10 appointed)
Legislative branch - upper chamber - scope of elections
partial renewal
Legislative branch - upper chamber - term in office
6 years
Legislative branch - upper chamber - most recent election date
1/14/2023
Legislative branch - upper chamber - percentage of women in chamber
20%
Legislative branch - upper chamber - expected date of next election
January 2026
Judicial branch - highest court(s)
Supreme Court of the Republic (consists of 44 members); Constitutional Council (consists of the chairperson and 6 members)
Judicial branch - judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court judges proposed by the president of the republic on recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council and confirmed by the Senate; judges normally serve until age 65 but can be extended to age 70; Constitutional Council - the president of the republic, the Senate chairperson, and the Mazhilis chairperson each appoints 2 members for a 6-year term; chairperson of the Constitutional Council appointed by the president for a 6-year term
Judicial branch - subordinate courts
regional and local courts
Political parties
Ak Zhol Democratic Party or Ak Zhol Amanat formerly Nur Otan Auyl People's Democratic Patriotic Party or Auyl Green Party of Kazakhstan orBaytaq Nationwide Social Democratic Party or NSDP People's Party of Kazakhstan or PPK Respublica
Diplomatic representation in the US - chief of mission
Ambassador Magzhan ILYASSOV (since 16 December 2025)
Diplomatic representation in the US - chancery
1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
Diplomatic representation in the US - telephone
[1] (202) 232-5488
Diplomatic representation in the US - FAX
[1] (202) 232-5845
Diplomatic representation in the US - email address and website
Diplomatic representation in the US - consulate(s) general
New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US - chief of mission
Ambassador-designate Julie STUFFT; Chargé d'Affaires Deborah ROBINSON (since January 2025)
Diplomatic representation from the US - embassy
Rakhymzhan Koshkarbayev Avenue, No. 3, Astana 010010
Diplomatic representation from the US - mailing address
2230 Astana Place, Washington DC 20521-2230
Diplomatic representation from the US - telephone
[7] (7172) 70-21-00
Diplomatic representation from the US - FAX
[7] (7172) 54-09-14
Diplomatic representation from the US - email address and website
Diplomatic representation from the US - consulate(s) general
Almaty
International organization participation
ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence
16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday
Independence Day, 16 December (1991)
Flag
description: a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a sky-blue background; the left side displays a national pattern called koshkar-muiz (the horns of the ram) in gold meaning: the blue color has religious significance for the Turkic peoples and symbolizes cultural and ethnic unity, as well as sky and water; the sun stands for wealth and plenitude, with rays shaped like grain; the eagle has appeared on Kazakh tribal flags for centuries and represents freedom, power, and the flight to the future
National symbol(s)
golden eagle
National color(s)
blue, yellow
National coat of arms
winning design from a competition held in 1992; the design uses the national colors of yellow and blue, with blue standing for the hope for unity, peace, and friendship with all people and gold for a clear future for the country’s population; a shanyrak (the upper dome-like portion of a yurt) represents familial well-being, peace, and calmness, with the circular shape standing for life and eternity; the winged horses, or tulpars , protect the shanyrak and symbolize bravery, prosperity, and inspiration
National anthem(s) - title
"Menin Qazaqstanim" (My Kazakhstan)
National anthem(s) - lyrics/music
Zhumeken NAZHIMEDENOV and Nursultan NAZARBAYEV/Shamshi KALDAYAKOV
National anthem(s) - history
adopted 2006; President Nursultan NAZARBAYEV played a role in revising the lyrics
National heritage - total World Heritage Sites
6 (3 cultural, 3 natural)
National heritage - selected World Heritage Site locales
Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi (c); Petroglyphs at Tanbaly (c); Saryarka - Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan (n); Silk Roads: the Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor (c); Western Tien-Shan (n); Cold Winter Deserts of Turan (n)
Economy
Economic overview
upper-middle-income Central Asian economy; robust growth due to rising oil production, expansion in manufacturing and services, rising domestic demand, and infrastructure investments; however, rapid growth contributing to high inflation rate; declining unemployment and poverty rates
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$739.385 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$705.52 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$671.285 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - note
note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2024
4.8% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2023
5.1% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2022
3.2% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - note
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2024
$35,900 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2023
$34,700 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2022
$33,500 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita - note
note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$288.406 billion (2024 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate) - note
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
8.8% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
14.7% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
15% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - note
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - agriculture
3.9% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - industry
31.4% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - services
58.2% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - note
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use - household consumption
51.4% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - government consumption
11.1% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - investment in fixed capital
26.5% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - investment in inventories
3.3% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - exports of goods and services
34.5% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - imports of goods and services
-27.5% (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - note
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
wheat, milk, barley, potatoes, watermelons, cantaloupes/melons, sunflower seeds, maize, onions, tomatoes (2023)
Agricultural products - note
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, uranium, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials
Industrial production growth rate
6.6% (2024 est.)
Industrial production growth rate - note
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
10.285 million (2024 est.)
Labor force - note
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2024
4.8% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2023
4.9% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2022
4.9% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate - note
note: % of labor force seeking employment
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - total
3.8% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - male
3% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - female
4.8% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - note
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
5.2% (2023 est.)
Population below poverty line - note
note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021
29.2 (2021 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - note
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures - on food
50.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Average household expenditures - on alcohol and tobacco
2.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%
4.3% (2021 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - highest 10%
24.8% (2021 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - note
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances - Remittances 2024
0.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2023
0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2022
0.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances - note
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget - revenues
$44.25 billion (2023 est.)
Budget - expenditures
$47.247 billion (2023 est.)
Budget - note
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt - Public debt 2023
20.9% of GDP (2023 est.)
Public debt - note
note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Taxes and other revenues
11.9% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Taxes and other revenues - note
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance - Current account balance 2024
-$3.702 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance - Current account balance 2023
-$9.448 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance - Current account balance 2022
$6.436 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance - note
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports - Exports 2024
$91.908 billion (2024 est.)
Exports - Exports 2023
$90.926 billion (2023 est.)
Exports - Exports 2022
$93.822 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - note
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 16%, UK 15%, Russia 10%, Turkey 6%, Italy 5% (2023)
Exports - partners - note
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
crude petroleum, gold, radioactive chemicals, refined copper, copper ore (2023)
Exports - commodities - note
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports - Imports 2024
$74.246 billion (2024 est.)
Imports - Imports 2023
$72.723 billion (2023 est.)
Imports - Imports 2022
$60.439 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - note
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
China 28%, Russia 24%, Gambia, The 4%, Turkey 4%, USA 4% (2023)
Imports - partners - note
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
garments, cars, broadcasting equipment, vehicle bodies, packaged medicine (2023)
Imports - commodities - note
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$45.808 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$35.965 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$35.076 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - note
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Debt - external - Debt - external 2023
$25.765 billion (2023 est.)
Debt - external - note
note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Exchange rates - Currency
tenge (KZT) per US dollar -
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2024
468.962 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2023
456.165 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2022
460.165 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2021
425.908 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2020
412.953 (2020 est.)
Energy
Electricity access - electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity
27.624 million kW (2023 est.)
Electricity - consumption
106.201 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - exports
2.243 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - imports
3.694 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - transmission/distribution losses
9.439 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - fossil fuels
87.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - solar
1.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - wind
2.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - hydroelectricity
8.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy - Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down
1 (2025)
Coal - production
120.279 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - consumption
86.349 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - exports
34.043 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - imports
114,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - proven reserves
25.605 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum - total petroleum production
1.955 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Petroleum - refined petroleum consumption
386,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Petroleum - crude oil estimated reserves
30 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas - production
28.769 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - consumption
22.223 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - exports
7.071 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - imports
408.952 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - proven reserves
2.407 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita - Total energy consumption per capita 2023
172.936 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines - total subscriptions
2.574 million (2023 est.)
Telephones - fixed lines - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
13 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular - total subscriptions
26.2 million (2024 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
127 (2024 est.)
Broadcast media
the state owns nearly all radio and TV transmission facilities and operates national TV and radio networks; there are 96 TV channels, and 4 state-run radio stations; some former state-owned media outlets have been privatized; households with satellite dishes have access to foreign media; small number of commercial radio stations; all media outlets have to register with the government (2018)
Internet country code
.kz
Internet users - percent of population
93% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions - total
3.59 million (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
18 (2023 est.)
Transportation
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
UP
Airports
132 (2025)
Heliports
32 (2025)
Railways - total
16,636 km (2021)
Railways - broad gauge
16,636 km (2021) 1.520-m gauge (4,237 km electrified)
Merchant marine - total
122 (2023)
Merchant marine - by type
general cargo 3, oil tanker 7, other 112
Military and Security
Military and security forces
Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Land Forces (Army of Kazakhstan), Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces Ministry of Internal Affairs: National Police, National Guard Committee for National Security (KNB): Border Guard Service (2025)
Military and security forces - note
note: the National Guard is a gendarmerie type force administered by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but also serves the Ministry of Defense; it is responsible for fighting crime, maintaining public order, and ensuring public safety; other duties include anti-terrorism operations, guarding prisons, riot control, and territorial defense in time of war
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2024
0.9% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2023
1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2022
0.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2021
1% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2020
1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
available information varies widely; estimated 50,000 active Armed Forces; estimated 30,000 National Guard (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the Kazakh military's inventory is comprised mostly of Russian and Soviet-era equipment; in recent years, it has sought to diversify to suppliers such as China, France, Israel, South Korea, and Türkiye; Kazakhstan has a defense industry capable of assembling or producing such items as naval vessels, combat vehicles, helicopters, and radar systems (2025)
Military service age and obligation
men 18-27 are subject to conscription for 12-24 months; conscripts may be assigned to the Armed Forces, the National Guard, the Border Service, the State Security Service, or the Ministry of Emergency Situations; women may volunteer (2025)
Military - note
the military’s principal responsibilities are territorial defense while the National Police, National Guard, Committee for National Security, and Border Service have primary responsibility for internal security, although the military may provide assistance if required; the military also participates in humanitarian and peacekeeping operations, as well as regional exercises; in recent years, Kazakhstan has placed greater emphasis on regional military partnerships and equipment modernization and diversification in order to reduce reliance on Russia, its traditional security partner; other efforts to enhance the country’s security sector have included boosting the capabilities of the National Guard and improving military professionalism Kazakhstan has been a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and has obligated troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force; it also has had a relationship with NATO since 1992 focused on democratic, institutional, and defense reforms (2025)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons - refugees
66,152 (2024 est.)
Refugees and internally displaced persons - IDPs
0 (2024 est.)
Refugees and internally displaced persons - stateless persons
7,865 (2024 est.)
Environment
Environmental issues
radioactive or toxic chemical sites from former defense industries; severe industrial pollution in some cities; air and soil pollution (including dust storms) from chemical pesticides and natural salts left after two rivers were diverted; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals; salination from infrastructure and irrigation practices; water pollution; desertification
International environmental agreements - party to
Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International environmental agreements - signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Climate
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Land use - agricultural land
79.4% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 11% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 68.3% (2023 est.)
Land use - forest
1.3% (2023 est.)
Land use - other
19.3% (2023 est.)
Urbanization - urban population
58.2% of total population (2023)
Urbanization - rate of urbanization
1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - total emissions
269.83 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from coal and metallurgical coke
175.848 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from petroleum and other liquids
50.387 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from consumed natural gas
43.596 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
38.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Methane emissions - energy
1,903.1 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Methane emissions - agriculture
781.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Methane emissions - waste
184.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Methane emissions - other
17.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling - municipal solid waste generated annually
4.66 million tons (2024 est.)
Waste and recycling - percent of municipal solid waste recycled
3.8% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal - municipal
4.877 billion cubic meters (2022)
Total water withdrawal - industrial
5.995 billion cubic meters (2022)
Total water withdrawal - agricultural
14.264 billion cubic meters (2022)
Total renewable water resources
108.41 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Space
Space agency/agencies
Aerospace Committee of the Kazakh Digital Development, Innovations and Aerospace Industry Ministry (aka National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan or KazCosmos; established 2007) (2025)
Space launch site(s)
Baikonur Cosmodrome/Space Center (Baikonur) (2025)
Space launch site(s) - note
note 1: Baikonur Cosmodrome is leased and administered by Russia until 2050; the cosmodrome was originally built by the Soviet Union in the mid-1950s and is the site of the World's first successful satellite launch (Sputnik) in 1957; it is also the largest space launch facility in the World note 2: in 2018, Kazakhstan and Russia agreed that Kazakhstan would build, maintain, and operate a new space launch facility (Baiterek) at the Baikonur Space Center (estimated to be fully operational in 2027-2028)
Space program overview
space program originated with the former Soviet Union; focuses on satellite acquisition and operation; builds (with foreign assistance) and operates communications, remote sensing (RS), and scientific satellites; building space infrastructure, such as launch and testing facilities, ground stations, and rocket manufacturing; has an astronaut (cosmonaut) program; has relations with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of China, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, and the UK; participates in international programs such as the International Space Station; has state-owned and private companies that assist with the country’s space program and work closely with foreign commercial entities (2025)
Key space-program milestones
1991 - first Kazakh in space on the last Soviet Soyuz mission 2006 - first communications satellite (KazSat-1) built jointly with Italy and launched by Russia 2014 - first remote sensing satellite (KazEOSat-1) built by France and launched on European rocket 2024 - joined China-led lunar base project