Title CIV — California Civ. Code

An agency is actual when the agent is really employed by the principal. (Enacted 1872.)

An agency is ostensible when the principal intentionally, or by want of ordinary care, causes a third person to believe another to be his agent who is not really employed by him. (Enacted 1872.)

An agent may be authorized to do any acts which his principal might do, except those to which the latter is bound to give his personal attention. (Enacted 1872.)

Every act which, according to this Code, may be done by or to any person, may be done by or to the agent of such person for that purpose, unless a contrary intention clearly appears. (Enacted 1872.)

An agent can never have authority, either actual or ostensible, to do an act which is, and is known or suspected by the person with whom he deals, to be a fraud upon the principal. (Enacted 1872.)

An agency may be created, and an authority may be conferred, by a precedent authorization or a subsequent ratification. (Enacted 1872.)

A consideration is not necessary to make an authority, whether precedent or subsequent, binding upon the principal. (Enacted 1872.)

An oral authorization is sufficient for any purpose, except that an authority to enter into a contract required by law to be in writing can only be given by an instrument in writing. (Enacted 1872.)

A ratification can be made only in the manner that would have been necessary to confer an original authority for the act ratified, or where an oral authorization would suffice, by accepting or retaining the benefit of the act, with notice thereof. (Enacted 1872.)

Ratification of part of an indivisible transaction is a ratification of the whole. (Enacted 1872.)

A ratification is not valid unless, at the time of ratifying the act done, the principal has power to confer authority for such an act. (Enacted 1872.)

No unauthorized act can be made valid, retroactively, to the prejudice of third persons, without their consent. (Enacted 1872.)

A ratification may be rescinded when made without such consent as is required in a contract, or with an imperfect knowledge of the material facts of the transaction ratified, but not otherwise. (Enacted 1872.)

An agent has such authority as the principal, actually or ostensibly, confers upon him. (Enacted 1872.)

Actual authority is such as a principal intentionally confers upon the agent, or intentionally, or by want of ordinary care, allows the agent to believe himself to possess. (Enacted 1872.)

Ostensible authority is such as a principal, intentionally or by want of ordinary care, causes or allows a third person to believe the agent to possess. (Enacted 1872.)

Every agent has actually such authority as is defined by this Title, unless specially deprived thereof by his principal, and has even then such authority ostensibly, except as to persons who have actual or constructive notice of the restriction upon his authority. (Enacted 1872.)…

An agent has authority:

An agent has power to disobey instructions in dealing with the subject of the agency, in cases where it is clearly for the interest of his principal that he should do so, and there is not time to communicate with the principal. (Enacted 1872.)

When an authority is given partly in general and partly in specific terms, the general authority gives no higher powers than those specifically mentioned. (Enacted 1872.)

An authority expressed in general terms, however broad, does not authorize an agent to do any of the following: (a) Act in the agent’s own name, unless it is the usual course of business to do so. (b) Define the scope of the agency. (c) Violate a duty to which a trustee is subjec…

An authority to sell personal property includes authority to warrant the title of the principal, and the quality and quantity of the property. (Enacted 1872.)

An authority to sell and convey real property includes authority to give the usual convenants of warranty. (Enacted 1872.)

A general agent to sell, who is intrusted by the principal with the possession of the thing sold, has authority to receive the price. (Enacted 1872.)

A special agent to sell has authority to receive the price on delivery of the thing sold, but not afterwards. (Enacted 1872.)

An agent represents his principal for all purposes within the scope of his actual or ostensible authority, and all the rights and liabilities which would accrue to the agent from transactions within such limit, if they had been entered into on his own account, accrue to the princ…

A principal is bound by an incomplete execution of an authority, when it is consistent with the whole purpose and scope thereof, but not otherwise. (Enacted 1872.)

As against a principal, both principal and agent are deemed to have notice of whatever either has notice of, and ought, in good faith and the exercise of ordinary care and diligence, to communicate to the other. (Enacted 1872.)

When an agent exceeds his authority, his principal is bound by his authorized acts so far only as they can be plainly separated from those which are unauthorized. (Enacted 1872.)

A principal is bound by acts of his agent, under a merely ostensible authority, to those persons only who have in good faith, and without want of ordinary care, incurred a liability or parted with value, upon the faith thereof.

If exclusive credit is given to an agent by the person dealing with him, his principal is exonerated by payment or other satisfaction made by him to his agent in good faith, before receiving notice of the creditor’s election to hold him responsible. (Enacted 1872.)

One who deals with an agent without knowing or having reason to believe that the agent acts as such in the transaction, may set off against any claim of the principal arising out of the same, all claims which he might have set off against the agent before notice of the agency. (E…

An instrument within the scope of his authority by which an agent intends to bind his principal, does bind him if such intent is plainly inferable from the instrument itself. (Enacted 1872.)

Unless required by or under the authority of law to employ that particular agent, a principal is responsible to third persons for the negligence of his agent in the transaction of the business of the agency, including wrongful acts committed by such agent in and as a part of the …

A principal is responsible for no other wrongs committed by his agent than those mentioned in the last section, unless he has authorized or ratified them, even though they are committed while the agent is engaged in his service. (Enacted 1872.)

One who assumes to act as an agent thereby warrants, to all who deal with him in that capacity, that he has the authority which he assumes. (Enacted 1872.)

One who assumes to act as an agent is responsible to third persons as a principal for his acts in the course of his agency, in any of the following cases, and in no others:

If an agent receives anything for the benefit of his principal, to the possession of which another person is entitled, he must, on demand, surrender it to such person, or so much of it as he has under his control at the time of demand, on being indemnified for any advance which h…

The provisions of this Article are subject to the provisions of Part I, Division First, of this Code. (Enacted 1872.)

An agent, unless specially forbidden by his principal to do so, can delegate his powers to another person in any of the following cases, and in no others:

If an agent employs a sub-agent without authority, the former is a principal and the latter his agent, and the principal of the former has no connection with the latter. (Enacted 1872.)

A sub-agent, lawfully appointed, represents the principal in like manner with the original agent; and the original agent is not responsible to third persons for the acts of the sub-agent. (Enacted 1872.)

An agency is terminated, as to every person having notice thereof, by any of the following: (a) The expiration of its term. (b) The extinction of its subject. (c) The death of the agent. (d) The agent’s renunciation of the agency. (e) The incapacity of the agent to act as such.…

(a) Unless the power of an agent is coupled with an interest in the subject of the agency, it is terminated by any of the following: (1) Its revocation by the principal. (2) The death of the principal. (3) The incapacity of the principal to contract. (b) Notwithstanding subdivisi…

For the purposes of subdivision (b) of Section 2356, in the case of a principal who is an absentee as defined in Section 1403 of the Probate Code, a person shall be deemed to be without actual knowledge of: (a) The principal’s death or incapacity while the absentee continues in m…

A lien is a charge imposed in some mode other than by a transfer in trust upon specific property by which it is made security for the performance of an act.

Liens are either general or special. (Enacted 1872.)

A general lien is one which the holder thereof is entitled to enforce as a security for the performance of all the obligations, or all of a particular class of obligations, which exist in his favor against the owner of the property. (Enacted 1872.)

A special lien is one which the holder thereof can enforce only as security for the performance of a particular act or obligation, and of such obligations as may be incidental thereto. (Enacted 1872.)

Where the holder of a special lien is compelled to satisfy a prior lien for his own protection, he may enforce payment of the amount so paid by him, as a part of the claim for which his own lien exists. (Enacted 1872.)