(1) [Editor's note: This version of the introductory portion to subsection (1) is effective until January 1, 2026.] A person engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of the person's business, vocation, or occupation, the person:
(1) [Editor's note: This version of the introductory portion to subsection (1) is effective January 1, 2026.] Notwithstanding section 6-1-737, a person engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of the person's business, vocation, or occupation, the person:
(a) Uses or causes to be used a software application that runs automated tasks over the internet to access a computer, computer network, or computer system, or any part thereof, for the purpose of purchasing tickets in excess of authorized limits for an online event ticket sale with the intent to resell such tickets;
(b) Uses or causes to be used a software application that runs automated tasks over the internet that circumvents or disables any electronic queues, waiting periods, or other sales volume limitation systems associated with an online event ticket sale;
(c) Uses or causes to be used an internet domain name or subdomain name in an operator's or reseller's URL if the internet domain name or subdomain name used contains any of the following without prior written authorization:
(I) The name of the place of entertainment;
(II) The name of the event, including the name of the individual or entity scheduled to perform or appear at the event; or
(III) A name substantially similar to those described in subsections (1)(c)(I) and (1)(c)(II) of this section;
(d) Uses or causes to be used, without prior written authorization, an internet website to display a text, image, website graphic, website design, or internet address that individually or in combination is substantially similar to an operator's internet website in a manner that could reasonably be expected to mislead a potential purchaser;
(e) (I) Sells a ticket to an event at a place of entertainment without disclosing the total ticket cost, inclusive of all ancillary fees that must be paid in order to purchase the ticket, the first time a price is displayed to the purchaser and anytime the price is displayed thereafter.
(II) A person is not required to include the amount of any sales tax required to purchase a ticket when disclosing the total cost of a ticket to a purchaser in accordance with subsection (1)(e)(I) of this section if the person discloses the amount of any sales tax to the purchaser prior to completion of the transaction.
(f) Sells a ticket to an event at a place of entertainment without disclosing in a clear and conspicuous manner the portion of the ticket cost that represents a service charge for the purchase or other fee or surcharge for the purchase;
(g) Makes a false or misleading disclosure to a purchaser of subtotals, fees, charges, or any other component of the total price of a ticket;
(h) Presents subtotals, fees, charges, or any other component of the total price of the ticket more prominently or in a font size that is larger than the font size used to present the total price of the ticket; or
(i) Increases the total price of a ticket after the first time a price is displayed to the purchaser; except that the person:
(I) Shall add any applicable sales tax to the total price of a ticket prior to the completion of the transaction by the purchaser;
(II) May add fees for the delivery of nonelectronic tickets based on delivery to the purchaser's address or the delivery method selected by the purchaser if the person discloses the amount of each delivery fee prior to accepting payment; and
(III) May increase the total price of a ticket if the purchaser's transaction period has timed out and the purchaser has not yet purchased the ticket.
(2) As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) In excess of authorized limits means exceeding a restriction on the number of individual tickets that can be purchased by a single person or circumventing any other terms and conditions of access to an online event ticket sale established by the operator.
(b) Internet domain name means a globally unique, hierarchical reference to an internet host or service that is:
(I) Assigned through a centralized internet naming authority; and
(II) Composed of a series of character strings separated by periods with the rightmost string specifying the top of the hierarchy.
(c) Online event ticket sale means a process utilized by the operator to make an original sale of tickets to the event to the public over the internet.
(d) URL means a uniform resource locator for a website on the internet.
(2.5) Definitions in section 6-1-718 (1) apply to terms as they are used in this section.
(3) This section shall not prohibit the resale of tickets in a secondary market by a person other than the event sponsor or promoter.
(4) Every ticket acquired in violation of this section shall constitute a separate violation for purposes of assessing a civil penalty under section 6-1-112 (1)(a) and (1)(b).
Source: L. 2008: Entire section added, p. 2229, � 1, effective July 1. L. 2009: (4) amended, (SB 09-054), ch.138, p. 597, � 3, effective August 5. L. 2024: IP(1), (1)(a), and (2) amended and (1)(c) to (1)(i) and (2.5) added, (HB 24-1378), ch. 400, p. 2753, � 2, effective August 7. L. 2025: IP(1) amended, (HB 25-1090), ch. 94, p. 432, � 3, effective January 1, 2026.
Editor's note: Section 5 of chapter 94 (HB 25-1090), Session Laws of Colorado 2025, provides that the act changing this section applies to conduct occurring on or after January 1, 2026.
Cross references: For the legislative declaration in HB 25-1090, see section 1 of chapter 94, Session Laws of Colorado 2025.
6-1-721. Like-kind exchanges by exchange facilitators - deceptive trade practice - definitions. (1) Legislative declaration. The general assembly hereby:
(a) Finds that, absent enactment of this section, Colorado has no requirements for the protection of taxpayers who engage persons or entities that facilitate like-kind exchanges pursuant to 26 U.S.C. sec. 1031; and
(b) Determines that, to protect taxpayers who engage exchange facilitators, exchange facilitators should meet certain requirements and follow certain procedures.
(2) Definitions. As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) Affiliated with means that a person directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the other specified person.
(b) Colorado property means real property located in Colorado; except that replacement property need not be located in Colorado.
(c) (I) Exchange facilitator means a person that holds a taxpayer's exchange funds and that:
(A) For a fee, facilitates an exchange of like-kind Colorado property by entering into an agreement with a taxpayer by which the exchange facilitator acquires from the taxpayer the contractual rights to sell the taxpayer's relinquished Colorado property and transfer a replacement property to the taxpayer as an exchange facilitator, as is defined in 26 CFR 1.1031(k)-1 (g)(4), or enters into an agreement with a taxpayer to take title to Colorado property as an exchange accommodation titleholder, as that term is defined in federal internal revenue service revenue procedure 2000-37, or enters into an agreement with a taxpayer to act as a qualified trustee or qualified escrow holder, as those terms are defined in 26 CFR 1.1031(k)-1 (g)(3), except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (II) of this paragraph (c); or
(B) Maintains an office in this state for the purpose of soliciting business as an exchange facilitator regarding Colorado property.
(II) Exchange facilitator does not include:
(A) The taxpayer or disqualified person, as defined under 26 CFR 1.1031(k)-1 (k), seeking to qualify for the nonrecognition provisions of 26 U.S.C. sec. 1031;
(B) A bank, savings bank, savings and loan association, building and loan association, or credit union; a bank or savings association holding company organized under the laws of any state, the District of Columbia, a territory or protectorate of the United States, or the United States, subject to regulation and supervision by a federal banking agency; an operating subsidiary of such entities; or an employee or exclusive agent of any of such entities, including, without limitation, a subsidiary that is owned or controlled by such entities;
(C) A person who advertises for and teaches seminars or classes for, or gives presentations to, attorneys, accountants, real estate professionals, tax professionals, or other professionals, where the primary purpose is to teach the professionals about tax-deferred exchanges or train them to act as exchange facilitators;
(D) An exchange facilitator, as defined in 26 CFR 1.1031(k)-1 (g)(4), whose sole business in this state as an exchange facilitator consists of holding exchange funds from the disposition of relinquished property located outside this state; or
(E) An entity that is wholly owned by an exchange facilitator or is wholly owned by the owner of an exchange facilitator and is used by that exchange facilitator to facilitate exchanges or to take title to Colorado property as an exchange accommodation titleholder, as defined in federal internal revenue service revenue procedure 2000-37.
(III) For purposes of this paragraph (c), fee means compensation of any nature, direct or indirect, monetary or in-kind, that is received by a person or a related person as defined in 26 U.S.C. sec. 1031 (f)(3) for any services relating to or incidental to the exchange of like-kind property under 26 U.S.C. sec. 1031.
(d) Like-kind exchange means a section 1031 exchange that is subject to 26 U.S.C. sec. 1031.
(e) Publicly traded company means a corporation whose securities are publicly traded on a stock exchange that is regulated by the United States securities and exchange commission. The term publicly traded company also includes all subsidiaries of such publicly traded company.
(f) Section 1031 exchange means an exchange conducted pursuant to 26 U.S.C. sec. 1031 that allows investors to defer the tax on capital gains.
(g) Taxpayer exchange funds or exchange funds means money a taxpayer entrusts to an exchange facilitator.
(3) Deceptive trade practices. A person engages in a deceptive trade practice when a person acts as an exchange facilitator and:
(a) (I) Except as specified in subparagraph (III) of this paragraph (a), fails to notify all current clients of any change in control of the exchange facilitator within two business days after the effective date of the change by:
(A) Facsimile, email transmission, or first-class mail; and
(B) Posting such notice on the exchange facilitator's website for a period ending not sooner than ninety days after the change in control.
(II) The notice required in subparagraph (I) of this paragraph (a) shall specify the name, address, and other contact information of the transferees.
(III) If the exchange facilitator is a publicly traded company and remains a publicly traded company after a change in control, the exchange facilitator need not notify its client of the change in control.
(IV) For purposes of this paragraph (a), change in control means any transfer within twelve months of more than fifty percent of the assets or ownership interests, directly or indirectly, of the exchange facilitator.
(b) (I) Fails to maintain adequate financial assurance and errors and omissions insurance or deposits. An exchange facilitator may maintain bonds, insurance policies, deposits, or irrevocable letters of credit in excess of the amounts required by this subparagraph (I). An exchange facilitator shall at all times:
(A) Maintain a fidelity bond or bonds executed by an insurer authorized to do business in this state in the amount of at least one million dollars and maintain a policy of errors and omissions insurance, in an amount of at least two hundred fifty thousand dollars, executed by an insurer authorized to do business in this state;
(B) Deposit an amount of cash or irrevocable letters of credit in an amount of at least the sum of the amounts specified in sub-subparagraph (A) of this subparagraph (I) in an interest-bearing deposit account or in a money market account with a financial institution of the exchange facilitator's choice, with the interest earned on such account accruing to the exchange facilitator; or
(C) Deposit all exchange funds in a qualified escrow or qualified trust as those terms are defined under 26 CFR 1.1031(k)-1 (g)(3) with a financial institution and provide that any withdrawals from such qualified escrow or qualified trust require the taxpayer's and the exchange facilitator's written authorization.
(II) A person claiming to have sustained damage by reason of the failure of an exchange facilitator to comply with this section may file a claim to recover damages from the bond or deposit described in this paragraph (b).
(c) Fails to act as a custodian for all exchange funds, including money, Colorado property, other consideration, or instruments received by the exchange facilitator from or on behalf of the taxpayer, except funds received as the exchange facilitator's compensation. As used in this paragraph (c), custodian means a person who has the same responsibilities as a fiduciary under Colorado law to protect and preserve assets and shall not mean a person who has the same responsibilities as a fiduciary under Colorado law to increase assets or to accomplish other fiduciary duties. Exchange funds are not subject to execution or attachment on any claim against an exchange facilitator. An exchange facilitator shall not knowingly keep or cause to be kept any money in a financial institution under any name designating the money as belonging to a taxpayer unless the money equitably belongs to the taxpayer and was actually entrusted to the exchange facilitator by the taxpayer. Taxpayer exchange funds in excess of two hundred fifty thousand dollars shall be invested or deposited in such manner as to require both the taxpayer's and the exchange facilitator's commercially reasonable means of authorization for withdrawal, including: The taxpayer's delivery to the exchange facilitator of the taxpayer's authorization to disburse exchange funds, and the exchange facilitator's delivery to the depository of the exchange facilitator's authorization to disburse exchange funds; or delivery to the depository of both the taxpayer's and the exchange facilitator's authorizations to disburse exchange funds. An exchange facilitator shall provide the taxpayer with written notification of the manner in which the exchange funds will be invested or deposited, shall invest or deposit exchange funds for the benefit of the taxpayer in investments that meet a standard of care that an ordinarily prudent investor would use when dealing with the property of another, and shall satisfy investment goals of liquidity and preservation of principal. For purposes of this paragraph (c), a prudent investor standard of care shall be deemed to have been violated if:
(I) A taxpayer's exchange funds are commingled by the exchange facilitator with the operating accounts of the exchange facilitator or with the exchange funds of another taxpayer; except that an exchange facilitator may aggregate exchange funds. For purposes of this subparagraph (I):
(A) Aggregate means to combine exchange funds of multiple taxpayers for investment purposes to achieve common investment goals and efficiencies. Exchange funds that have been aggregated into common investments shall be readily identifiable by the financial institution or other regulated investment custodian holding the funds as to each taxpayer for whom they are held through an accounting or subaccounting system.
(B) Commingle means to mix together exchange funds of taxpayers with other funds belonging to or under the control of the exchange facilitator in such a manner that a taxpayer's exchange funds cannot be distinguished from other funds belonging to or under the control of the exchange facilitator.
(II) Exchange funds are loaned or otherwise transferred to any person or entity affiliated with the exchange facilitator; except that this subparagraph (II) shall not apply to a transfer or loan made to a financial institution that is the parent of or affiliated with the exchange facilitator or from an exchange facilitator to an exchange accommodation titleholder, as defined in federal internal revenue service revenue procedure 2000-37, as required under the section 1031 exchange contract; or
(III) Exchange funds are invested in a manner that does not provide sufficient liquidity to meet the exchange facilitator's contractual obligations to the taxpayer and does not preserve the principal of the exchange funds. The deposit of funds in a financial institution exempted from this section pursuant to sub-subparagraph (B) of subparagraph (II) of paragraph (c) of subsection (2) of this section shall be deemed to be sufficiently liquid to meet the requirements of this subparagraph (III).
(d) Commits any of the following:
(I) Knowingly makes any material misrepresentation concerning an exchange facilitator's transaction that is intended to mislead another;
(II) Pursues a continued or flagrant course of misrepresentation or makes false statements through advertising or otherwise;
(III) Fails, within a reasonable time, to account for any money or property belonging to others that may be in the possession or under the control of the exchange facilitator;
(IV) Engages in any conduct constituting fraudulent or dishonest dealing;
(V) Is convicted of, or, in the case of an entity, one or more of its owners, officers, directors, or employees who has access to exchange funds is convicted of, any crime involving fraud, misrepresentation, deceit, embezzlement, misappropriation of funds, robbery, or other theft of property; except that commission of such crime by an officer, director, or employee of an exchange facilitator shall not be considered a violation of this subparagraph (V) if the employment or appointment of the officer, director, or employee has been terminated and no clients of the exchange facilitator were harmed or full restitution has been made to all harmed clients;
(VI) Wilfully fails to fulfill an exchange facilitator's contractual duties to the taxpayer to deliver property or funds to the taxpayer unless such failure is due to circumstances beyond the control of the exchange facilitator;
(VII) Materially violates this section or aids, abets, or knowingly permits any person to violate this section;
(VIII) Commits an act that does not meet generally accepted standards of practice for ordinarily prudent investors or fails to perform an act necessary to meet generally accepted standards of practice for ordinarily prudent investors;
(IX) Fails to keep appropriate business and transaction records, falsifies such records, or knowingly and wilfully makes incorrect entries of an essential nature on such records; except that an exchange facilitator may dispose of records after a reasonable time pursuant to the exchange facilitator's document retention and document destruction policy;
(X) Is disciplined in any way by a national certifying agency or by a regulatory agency of another jurisdiction for conduct that relates to the person's employment as an exchange facilitator; or
(XI) Is convicted of or pleads guilty or nolo contendere to a felony or any crime defined in title 18, C.R.S., that relates to the person's employment as an exchange facilitator. A certified copy of the judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction of the conviction or plea shall be prima facie evidence of the conviction or plea.
Source: L. 2009: Entire section added, (HB 09-1254), ch. 116, p. 487, � 1, effective April 16.