Title 28, Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]

(a)(1) Before providing an immigration service to a client, an immigration service provider shall execute a written contract with the client that includes the following information: (A) A detailed explanation of the immigration service to be performed; (B) An itemization of all f…

(a) Any person who violates any provision of this chapter, shall, upon conviction, be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01, or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both. (b) In addition to the criminal penalty set fort…

(a) For purposes of this chapter: (1) "Retailer" means a person holding a basic business license who is engaged in retail sales. (2) "Retail sales" means the sale of any tangible personal property or service to an ultimate consumer.

(a) Beginning January 1, 2025, a retailer shall not discriminate against cash as a form of payment for goods or services, including by: (1) Refusing to accept cash as a form of payment; (2) Posting signs on the premises that cash payment is not accepted; or (3) Charging a higher …

Failure to comply with the requirements of this chapter shall be an unlawful trade practice under § 28-3904.

*NOTE: This section includes amendments by temporary legislation that will expire on May 8, 2027. To view the text of this section after the expiration of all emergency and temporary legislation, click this link: Past Permanent Version.* (a) The provisions of this chapter shall n…

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(a) This subtitle may be cited as the “Uniform Commercial Code”. (b) This article may be cited as the “Uniform Commercial Code — General Provisions”.

This article applies to a transaction to the extent that it is governed by another article of this subtitle.

(a) This subtitle must be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes and policies, which are: (1) To simplify, clarify, and modernize the law governing commercial transactions; (2) To permit the continued expansion of commercial practices through custom, u…

This subtitle being a general act intended as a unified coverage of its subject matter, no part of it shall be deemed to be impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation if such construction can reasonably be avoided.

If any provision or clause of this subtitle or its application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of this subtitle which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end t…

In this subtitle, unless the statutory context otherwise requires: (1) Words in the singular number include the plural, and those in the plural include the singular; and (2) Words of any gender also refer to any other gender.

Section captions are part of this subtitle.

This subtitle modifies, limits, and supersedes the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, approved June 30, 2000 (114 Stat. 464; 15 U.S.C. § 7001 et seq.), but does not modify, limit, or supersede section 101(c) of that act (15 U.S.C. § 7001(c) ) or authorize …

(a) Unless the context otherwise requires, words or phrases defined in this section, or in the additional definitions contained in other articles of this subtitle that apply to particular articles or parts thereof, have the meanings stated. (b) Subject to definitions contained in…

(a) Subject to subsection (f) of this section, a person has “notice” of a fact if the person: (1) Has actual knowledge of it; (2) Has received a notice or notification of it; or (3) From all the facts and circumstances known to the person at the time in question, has reason to kn…

(a) Whether a transaction in the form of a lease creates a lease or security interest is determined by the facts of each case. (b) A transaction in the form of a lease creates a security interest if the consideration that the lessee is to pay the lessor for the right to possessio…

Except as otherwise provided in Articles 3, 4, 5, and 12, a person gives value for rights if the person acquires them: (1) In return for a binding commitment to extend credit or for the extension of immediately available credit, whether or not drawn upon and whether or not a char…

(a) Whether a time for taking an action required by this subtitle is reasonable depends on the nature, purpose, and circumstances of the action. (b) An action is taken seasonably if it is taken at or within the time agreed or, if no time is agreed, at or within a reasonable time.

Whenever this subtitle creates a presumption with respect to a fact, or provides that a fact is presumed, the trier of fact must find the existence of the fact unless and until evidence is introduced that supports a finding of its nonexistence.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, when a transaction bears a reasonable relation to this state and also to another state or nation the parties may agree that the law either of this state or of such other state or nation shall govern their rights and duties. (b) In…

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section or elsewhere in this subtitle, the effect of provisions of this subtitle may be varied by agreement. (b) The obligations of good faith, diligence, reasonableness, and care prescribed by this subtitle may not be di…

(a) A “course of performance” is a sequence of conduct between the parties to a particular transaction that exists if: (1) The agreement of the parties with respect to the transaction involves repeated occasions for performance by a party; and (2) The other party, with knowledge …

Every contract or duty within this subtitle imposes an obligation of good faith in its performance and enforcement.

(a) The remedies provided by this subtitle must be liberally administered to the end that the aggrieved party may be put in as good a position as if the other party had fully performed, but neither consequential or special damages nor penal damages may be awarded except as specif…

A claim or right arising out of an alleged breach may be discharged in whole or in part without consideration by agreement of the aggrieved party in a signed record.

A document in due form purporting to be a bill of lading, policy or certificate of insurance, official weigher’s or inspector’s certificate, consular invoice, or any other document authorized or required by the contract to be issued by a third party is prima facie evidence of its…

(a) A party that with explicit reservation of rights performs, promises performance, or assents to performance in a manner demanded or offered by the other party does not thereby prejudice the rights reserved. Such words as “without prejudice,” “under protest,” or the like are su…

A term providing that one party or that party’s successor in interest may accelerate payment or performance or require collateral or additional collateral at will or when the party deems itself insecure, or words of similar import, means that the party has power to do so only if …

An obligation may be issued as subordinated to performance of another obligation of the person obligated, or a creditor may subordinate its right to performance of an obligation by agreement with either the person obligated or another creditor of the person obligated. Subordinati…

(a) Except as provided by section 28:10-104, if any provision of law is inconsistent with this subtitle, this subtitle shall govern, unless this subtitle or the inconsistent provision of the other law specifically provides otherwise. (b) If any provision of this subtitle is incon…

(1) The article on documents of title (article 7) does not repeal or modify any laws prescribing the form or contents of documents of title or the services or facilities to be afforded by bailees, or otherwise regulating bailees’ businesses in respects not specifically dealt with…

The provisions of this act which amend article 9 and the provisions affecting secured transactions shall become effective at 12:01 A.M. on the 181st day after the effective date of this act.

Transactions validly entered into after January 1, 1965 and before the effective date of this act (as provided in section 28:11-101 ), and which were subject to the provisions of articles 1 through 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code, effective January 1, 1965, and which would be su…

A security interest for the perfection of which filing or the taking of possession was required under article 9 of this subtitle, effective January 1, 1965, and which attached prior to the effective date of this act (as provided in section 28:11-101 ) but was not perfected shall …

(1) A financing statement or continuation statement filed prior to the effective date of this act (as provided in section 28:11-101) which shall not have lapsed prior to such effective date of this act shall remain effective for the period provided for in article 9 of this subtit…

(1) If a security interest is perfected or has priority when this act takes effect (as provided in section 28:11-101) as to all persons or as to certain persons without any filing or recording, and if the filing of a financing statement would be required for the perfection or pri…