Title 28, Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]

Whether a document of title is adequate to fulfill the obligations of a contract for sale, a contract for lease, or the conditions of a letter of credit is determined by Article 2, 2A, or 5.

(a) If a document of title is lost, stolen, or destroyed, a court may order delivery of the goods or issuance of a substitute document and the bailee may without liability to any person comply with the order. If the document was negotiable, a court may not order delivery of the g…

Unless a document of title was originally issued upon delivery of the goods by a person that did not have power to dispose of them, a lien does not attach by virtue of any judicial process to goods in the possession of a bailee for which a negotiable document of title is outstand…

If more than one person claims title to or possession of the goods, the bailee is excused from delivery until the bailee has a reasonable time to ascertain the validity of the adverse claims or to commence an action for interpleader. The bailee may assert an interpleader either i…

This article applies to a document of title that is issued or a bailment that arises on or after the effective date of this article. This article does not apply to a document of title that is issued or a bailment that arises before the effective date of this article even if the d…

A document of title issued or a bailment that arises before the effective date of this act and the rights, obligations, and interests flowing from that document or bailment are governed by any statute or other rule amended or repealed by this act as if the amendment or repeal had…

This article may be cited as “Uniform Commercial Code—Investment Securities.”

(a) For the purposes of this article, the term: (1) “Adverse claim” means a claim that a claimant has a property interest in a financial asset and that it is a violation of the rights of the claimant for another person to hold, transfer, or deal with the financial asset. (2) “Bea…

(a) A share or similar equity interest issued by a corporation, business trust, joint stock company, or similar entity is a security. (b) An “investment company security” is a security. The term “investment company security” means a share or similar equity interest issued by an e…

(a) A person acquires a security or an interest therein, under this article, if: (1) The person is a purchaser to whom a security is delivered pursuant to § 28:8-301; or (2) The person acquires a security entitlement to the security pursuant to § 28:8-501. (b) A person acquires a…

(a) A person has notice of an adverse claim if: (1) The person knows of the adverse claim; (2) The person is aware of facts sufficient to indicate that there is a significant probability that the adverse claim exists and deliberately avoids information that would establish the ex…

(a) A purchaser has “control” of a certificated security in bearer form if the certificated security is delivered to the purchaser. (b) A purchaser has “control” of a certificated security in registered form if the certificated security is delivered to the purchaser, and: (1) The…

(a) For the purposes of this article, the term “appropriate person” means: (1) With respect to an indorsement, the person specified by a security certificate or by an effective special indorsement to be entitled to the security; (2) With respect to an instruction, the registered …

(a) A person who transfers a certificated security to a purchaser for value warrants to the purchaser, and an indorser, if the transfer is by indorsement, warrants to any subsequent purchaser, that: (1) The certificate is genuine and has not been materially altered; (2) The trans…

(a) A person who originates an entitlement order to a securities intermediary warrants to the securities intermediary that: (1) The entitlement order is made by an appropriate person, or if the entitlement order is by an agent, the agent has actual authority to act on behalf of t…

(a) The local law of the issuer’s jurisdiction, as specified in subsection (d) of this section, governs: (1) The validity of a security; (2) The rights and duties of the issuer with respect to registration of transfer; (3) The effectiveness of registration of transfer by the issu…

A rule adopted by a clearing corporation governing rights and obligations among the clearing corporation and its participants in the clearing corporation is effective even if the rule conflicts with this article and affects another party who does not consent to the rule.

(a) The interest of a debtor in a certificated security may be reached by a creditor only by actual seizure of the security certificate by the officer making the attachment or levy, except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this section. However, a certificated security f…

A contract or modification of a contract for the sale or purchase of a security is enforceable whether or not there is a writing signed or record authenticated by a party against whom enforcement is sought, even if the contract or modification is not capable of performance within…

The following rules apply in an action on a certificated security against the issuer: (1) Unless specifically denied in the pleadings, each signature on a security certificate or in a necessary indorsement is admitted. (2) If the effectiveness of a signature is put in issue, the …

A securities intermediary that has transferred a financial asset pursuant to an effective entitlement order, or a broker or other agent or bailee that has dealt with a financial asset at the direction of its customer or principal, is not liable to a person having an adverse claim…

A securities intermediary that receives a financial asset and establishes a security entitlement to the financial asset in favor of an entitlement holder is a purchaser for value of the financial asset. A securities intermediary that acquires a security entitlement to a financial…

(a) With respect to an obligation on or a defense to a security, an “issuer” includes a person that: (1) Places or authorizes the placing of its name on a security certificate, other than as authenticating trustee, registrar, transfer agent, or the like, to evidence a share, part…

(a) Even against a purchaser for value and without notice, the terms of a certificated security include terms stated on the certificate and terms made part of the security by reference on the certificate to another instrument, indenture, or document or to a constitution, statute,…

After an act or event, other than a call that has been revoked, creating a right to immediate performance of the principal obligation represented by a certificated security or setting a date on or after which the security is to be presented or surrendered for redemption or exchan…

A restriction on transfer of a security imposed by the issuer, even if otherwise lawful, is ineffective against a person without knowledge of the restriction unless: (1) The security is certificated and the restriction is noted conspicuously on the security certificate; or (2) Th…

An unauthorized signature placed on a security certificate before or in the course of issue is ineffective, but the signature is effective in favor of a purchaser for value of the certificated security if the purchaser is without notice of the lack of authority and the signing ha…

(a) If a security certificate contains the signatures necessary to its issue or transfer but is incomplete in any other respect: (1) Any person may complete it by filling in the blanks as authorized; and (2) Even if the blanks are incorrectly filled in, the security certificate a…

(a) Before due presentment for registration of transfer of a certificated security in registered form or of an instruction requesting registration of transfer of an uncertificated security, the issuer or indenture trustee may treat the registered owner as the person exclusively e…

(a) A person signing a security certificate as authenticating trustee, registrar, transfer agent, or the like, warrants to a purchaser for value of the certificated security, if the purchaser is without notice of a particular defect, that: (1) The certificate is genuine; (2) The …

A lien in favor of an issuer upon a certificated security is valid against a purchaser only if the right of the issuer to the lien is noted conspicuously on the security certificate.

(a) For the purposes of this section the term “overissue” means the issue of securities in excess of the amount the issuer has corporate power to issue, but an overissue does not occur if appropriate action has cured the overissue. (b) Except as otherwise provided in subsections …

(a) Delivery of a certificated security to a purchaser occurs when: (1) The purchaser acquires possession of the security certificate; (2) Another person, other than a securities intermediary, either acquires possession of the security certificate on behalf of the purchaser or, h…

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (b) and (c), a purchaser of a certificated or uncertificated security acquires all rights in the security that the transferor had or had power to transfer. (b) A purchaser of a limited interest acquires rights only to the extent of …

(a) For the purposes of this article, the term “protected purchaser” means a purchaser of a certificated or uncertificated security, or of an interest therein, who: (1) Gives value; (2) Does not have notice of any adverse claim to the security; and (3) Obtains control of the cert…

(a) An indorsement may be in blank or special. An indorsement in blank includes an indorsement to bearer. A special indorsement specifies to whom a security is to be transferred or who has power to transfer it. A holder may convert a blank indorsement to a special indorsement. (b…

(a) If an instruction has been originated by an appropriate person but is incomplete in any other respect, any person may complete it as authorized and the issuer may rely on it as completed, even though it has been completed incorrectly. (b) Unless otherwise agreed, a person ini…

(a) A person who guarantees a signature of an indorser of a security certificate warrants that at the time of signing: (1) The signature was genuine; (2) The signer was an appropriate person to indorse, or if the signature is by an agent, the agent had actual authority to act on …

Unless otherwise agreed, the transferor of a security on due demand shall supply the purchaser with proof of authority to transfer or with any other requisite necessary to obtain registration of the transfer of the security, but if the transfer is not for value, a transferor need…

(a) If a certificated security in registered form is presented to an issuer with a request to register transfer or an instruction is presented to an issuer with a request to register transfer of an uncertificated security, the issuer shall register the transfer as requested if: (…

(a) An issuer may require the following assurance that each necessary indorsement or each instruction is genuine and authorized: (1) In all cases, a guaranty of the signature of the person making an indorsement or originating an instruction including, in the case of an instructio…

(a) A person who is an appropriate person to make an indorsement or originate an instruction may demand that the issuer not register transfer of a security by communicating to the issuer a notification that identifies the registered owner and the issue of which the security is a …

(a) Except as otherwise provided in § 28:8-406, an issuer is liable for wrongful registration of transfer if the issuer has registered a transfer of a security to a person not entitled to it, and the transfer was registered: (1) Pursuant to an ineffective indorsement or instructi…

(a) If an owner of a certificated security, whether in registered or bearer form, claims that the certificate has been lost, destroyed, or wrongfully taken, the issuer shall issue a new certificate if the owner: (1) So requests before the issuer has notice that the certificate ha…

If a security certificate has been lost, apparently destroyed, or wrongfully taken, and the owner fails to notify the issuer of that fact within a reasonable time after the owner has notice of it and the issuer registers a transfer of the security before receiving notification, t…

A person acting as authenticating trustee, transfer agent, registrar, or other agent for an issuer in the registration of a transfer of its securities, in the issue of new security certificates or uncertificated securities, or in the cancellation of surrendered security certifica…