Chapter 60, PROCEDURE, CIVIL

60-405. Effect of erroneous exclusion of evidence. A verdict or finding shall not be set aside, nor shall the judgment or decision based thereon be reversed, by reason of the erroneous exclusion of evidence unless it appears of record that the proponent of the evidence either mad…

60-406. Limited admissibility. When relevant evidence is admissible as to one party or for one purpose and is inadmissible as to other parties or for another purpose, the judge upon request shall restrict the evidence to its proper scope and instruct the jury accordingly. History…

60-407. General abolition of disqualifications and privileges of witnesses, and of exclusionary rules. Except as otherwise provided by statute (a) every person is qualified to be a witness, and (b) no person has a privilege to refuse to be a witness, and (c) no person is disquali…

60-408. Preliminary inquiry by judge. When the qualification of a person to be a witness, or the admissibility of evidence, or the existence of a privilege is stated in this article to be subject to a condition, and the fulfillment of the condition is in issue, the issue is to be…

60-409. Facts which must or may be judicially noticed. (a) Judicial notice shall be taken without request by a party, of the common law, constitutions and public statutes in force in every state, territory and jurisdiction of the United States, and of such specific facts and prop…

60-410. Determination as to propriety of judicial notice and tenor of matter noticed. (a) The judge shall afford each party reasonable opportunity to present to him or her information relevant to the propriety of taking judicial notice of a matter or to the tenor of the matter to…

60-411. Instructing the trier of fact as to matter judicially noticed. If a matter judicially noticed is other than the common law or constitution or public statutes of this state, the judge shall indicate for the record the matter which is judicially noticed and if the matter wo…

60-412. Judicial notice in proceedings subsequent to trial. (a) The failure or refusal of the judge to take judicial notice of a matter, or to instruct the trier of fact with respect to the matter, shall not preclude the judge from taking judicial notice of the matter in subseque…

60-413. Definition. A presumption is an assumption of fact resulting from a rule of law which requires such fact to be assumed from another fact or group of facts found or otherwise established in the action. History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-413; January 1, 1964. CASE ANNOTATIONS 1.…

60-414. Effect of presumptions. Subject to K.S.A. 60-416, and except for presumptions which are conclusive or irrefutable under the rules of law from which they arise, (a) if the facts from which the presumption is derived have any probative value as evidence of the existence of …

60-415. Inconsistent presumptions. If two presumptions arise which are conflicting with each other the judge shall apply the presumption which is founded on the weightier consideration of policy and logic. If there is no such preponderance both presumptions shall be disregarded. …

60-416. Burden of proof not relaxed as to some presumptions; criminal cases, permissive presumption or inference. (a) A presumption, which by a rule of law may be overcome only by proof beyond a reasonable doubt or by clear and convincing evidence, shall not be affected by K.S.A.…

60-417. Disqualification of witness; interpreters. A person is disqualified to be a witness if the judge finds that (a) the proposed witness is incapable of expressing himself or herself concerning the matter so as to be understood by the judge and jury either directly or through…

60-418. Oath. Every witness before testifying shall be required to express his or her purpose to testify by the oath or affirmation required by law. History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-418; January 1, 1964. Source or prior law: G.S. 1868, ch. 80, § 339; L. 1909, ch. 182, § 345; R.S. 19…

60-419. Prerequisites of knowledge and experience. As a prerequisite for the testimony of a witness on a relevant or material matter, there must be evidence that he or she has personal knowledge thereof, or experience, training or education if such be required. Such evidence may …

60-420. Evidence generally affecting credibility. Subject to K.S.A. 60-421 and 60-422, for the purpose of impairing or supporting the credibility of a witness, any party including the party calling the witness may examine the witness and introduce extrinsic evidence concerning an…

60-421. Limitations on evidence of conviction of crime as affecting credibility. Evidence of the conviction of a witness for a crime not involving dishonesty or false statement shall be inadmissible for the purpose of impairing his or her credibility. If the witness be the accuse…

60-422. Further limitations on admissibility of evidence affecting credibility. As affecting the credibility of a witness (a) in examining the witness as to a statement made by him or her in writing inconsistent with any part of his or her testimony it shall not be necessary to s…

60-423. Privilege of accused. (a) Every person has in any criminal action in which he or she is an accused a privilege not to be called as a witness and not to testify. (b) An accused in a criminal action has a privilege to prevent his or her spouse from testifying in such action…

60-424. Definition of incrimination. A matter will incriminate a person within the meaning of this article if it constitutes, or forms an essential part of, or, taken in connection with other matters disclosed, is a basis for a reasonable inference of such a violation of the laws…

60-425. Self-incrimination. Subject to K.S.A. 60-423 and 60-437, every natural person has a privilege, which he or she may claim, to refuse to disclose in an action or to a public official of this state or the United States or any other state or any governmental agency or divisio…

60-426. Attorney-client privilege. (a) General rule. Subject to K.S.A. 60-437, and amendments thereto, and except as otherwise provided by subsection (b), communications found by the judge to have been between an attorney and such attorney's client in the course of that relations…

60-426a. Attorney-client privilege and work product; limitations on waiver. The following provisions apply, in the circumstances set out, to disclosure of a communication or information covered by the attorney-client privilege or work-product protection. (a) Disclosure made in a …

60-427. Physician-patient privilege. (a) As used in this section: (1) "Patient" means a person who, for the sole purpose of securing preventive, palliative, or curative treatment, or a diagnosis preliminary to such treatment, of such person's physical or mental condition, consult…

60-428. Marital privilege, confidential communications. (a) General rule. Subject to K.S.A. 60-437 and except as otherwise provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, a spouse who transmitted to the other the information which constitutes the communication, has a privile…

60-429. Penitential communication privilege. (a) Definitions. As used in this section, (1) the term "duly ordained minister of religion" means a person who has been ordained, in accordance with the ceremonial ritual, or discipline of a church, religious sect, or organization esta…

60-430. Religious belief. Every person has a privilege to refuse to disclose his or her theological opinion or religious belief unless his or her adherence or nonadherence to such an opinion or belief is material to an issue in the action other than that of his or her credibility…

60-431. Political vote. Every person has a privilege to refuse to disclose the tenor of his or her vote at a political election unless the judge finds that the vote was cast illegally. History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-431; January 1, 1964. CASE ANNOTATIONS 1. Cited; law on voting ab…

60-432. Trade secret. The owner of a trade secret has a privilege, which may be claimed by the owner or his or her agent or employee, to refuse to disclose the secret and to prevent other persons from disclosing it if the judge finds that the allowance of the privilege will not t…

60-433. Secret of state. (a) As used in this section, "secret of state" means information not open or theretofore officially disclosed to the public involving the public security or concerning the military or naval organization or plans of the United States, or a state or territo…

60-434. Official information. (a) As used in this section, "official information" means information not open or theretofore officially disclosed to the public relating to internal security of this state or of the United States acquired by a public official of this state or the Un…

60-435. Communication to grand jury. A witness has a privilege to refuse to disclose a communication made to a grand jury by a complainant or witness, and evidence thereof is inadmissible, unless the judge finds (a) the matter which the communication concerned was not within the …

60-436. Identity of informer. A witness has a privilege to refuse to disclose the identity of a person who has furnished information purporting to disclose a violation of a provision of the laws of this state or of the United States to a representative of the state or the United …

60-437. Waiver of privilege by contract or previous disclosure. A person who would otherwise have a privilege to refuse to disclose or to prevent another from disclosing a specified matter has no such privilege with respect to that matter if the judge finds that such person or an…

60-438. Admissibility of disclosure wrongfully compelled. Evidence of a statement or other disclosure is inadmissible against the holder of the privilege if the judge finds that he or she had and claimed a privilege to refuse to make the disclosure but was nevertheless required t…

60-439. Reference to exercise of privilege; presumption and adverse inference not permitted. If a privilege is exercised not to testify or to prevent another from testifying, either in the action or with respect to particular matters, or to refuse to disclose or to prevent anothe…

60-440. Effect of error in overruling claim of privilege. A party may predicate error on a ruling disallowing a claim of privilege only if such party is the holder of the privilege. History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-440; January 1, 1964. Law Review and Bar Journal References: Discuss…

60-441. Evidence to test a verdict or indictment. Upon an inquiry as to the validity of a verdict or an indictment no evidence shall be received to show the effect of any statement, conduct, event or condition upon the mind of a juror as influencing him or her to assent to or dis…

60-442. Testimony by the judge. Against the objection of a party, the judge presiding at the trial may not testify in that trial as a witness. History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-442; January 1, 1964. Law Review and Bar Journal References: "Other Vices, Other Crimes: An Evidentiary Dil…

60-443. Testimony by a juror. A member of a jury sworn and empanelled in the trial of an action, may not testify in that trial as a witness. History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-443; January 1, 1964. Law Review and Bar Journal References: Comment concerning jury misconduct, John O. Mart…

60-444. Testimony of jurors not limited except by this article. This article shall not be construed to (a) exempt a juror from testifying as a witness to conditions or occurrences either within or outside of the jury room having a material bearing on the validity of the verdict o…

60-445. Discretion of judge to exclude admissible evidence. Except as in this article otherwise provided, the judge may in his or her discretion exclude evidence if he or she finds that its probative value is substantially outweighed by the risk that its admission will unfairly a…

60-446. Manner of proof of character or character trait. When a person's character or a trait of his or her character is in issue, it may be proved by testimony in the form of opinion, evidence of reputation, or evidence of specific instances of the person's conduct, subject, how…

60-447. Character trait as proof of conduct. Subject to K.S.A. 60-448 when a trait of a person's character is relevant as tending to prove conduct on a specified occasion, such trait may be proved in the same manner as provided by K.S.A. 60-446, except that (a) evidence of specif…

60-448. Character trait for care or skill. Evidence of a trait of a person's character with respect to care or skill is inadmissible as tending to prove the quality of his or her conduct on a specified occasion. History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-448; January 1, 1964. Law Review and B…

60-449. Habit or custom to prove specific behavior. Evidence of habit or custom is relevant to an issue of behavior on a specified occasion, but is admissible on that issue only as tending to prove that the behavior on such occasion conformed to the habit or custom. History: L. 1…

60-450. Opinion and specific instances of behavior to prove habit or custom. Testimony in the form of opinion is admissible on the issue of habit or custom. Evidence of specific instances of behavior is admissible to prove habit or custom if the evidence is of a sufficient number…

60-451. Subsequent remedial conduct. When after the occurrence of an event remedial or precautionary measures are taken, which, if taken previously would have tended to make the event less likely to occur, evidence of such subsequent measures is not admissible to prove negligence…

60-452. Offer to compromise and the like, not evidence of liability. Evidence that a person has, in compromise or from humanitarian motives furnished or offered or promised to furnish money, or any other thing, act or service to another who has sustained or claims to have sustain…

60-452a. Dispute resolution; confidentiality. (a) All verbal or written information transmitted between any party to a dispute and a neutral person conducting the proceeding, or the staff of an approved program under K.S.A. 5-501 et seq., and amendments thereto, shall be confiden…