Gulf Coast crude oil feedstock (jet fraction)

One of the world's largest oil and gas companies; major US and global sulfur producer as a Claus Process refinery byproduct. Key US refining locations: Baytown, Texas (largest US refinery complex); Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Beaumont, Texas. Also major international refiner (Antwerp, Rotterdam). USGS listed as one of leading US recovered sulfur producers. Also holds 25% of Tengizchevroil (TCO) in Kazakhstan, making it indirectly a significant producer of high-sulfur crude and associated sulfur. Acquired Pioneer Natural Resources 2024 (~$60B), largest US oil deal since Exxon-Mobil merger.

World's largest independent petroleum refiner; 15 refineries in the US (mostly Gulf Coast: Port Arthur TX, Texas City TX, Memphis TN), Canada, UK, and Ireland. Produces elemental sulfur as a mandatory Claus Process byproduct at all its refineries. Port Arthur refinery (210,000 bbl/day capacity) is one of the largest single US refiners; McKee refinery explicitly listed as producing sulfur, sulfuric acid, and LPG. USGS: ExxonMobil, Valero, ConocoPhillips, and Marathon were the leading US sulfur producers in 2018. Texas + Louisiana account for 52% of US sulfur production.

Major US independent refiner (NYSE: MPC, HQ Findlay OH). Gulf Coast facilities: Galveston Bay TX (585,000 bpd — one of the largest US refineries) and Garyville LA (596,000 bpd — one of the largest US refineries by throughput). Marathon's two Gulf Coast refineries together represent more than 1.1 million bpd of capacity — a scale that makes Marathon a critical feedstock buyer from the Permian Basin, offshore Gulf of Mexico, and pipeline imports. MPLX LP (Marathon's MLP) operates crude and product pipelines feeding its refinery network.

Privately held US refining and marketing company (HQ Houston TX); joint venture 100% owned by Saudi Aramco since Shell's divestiture (2017). Operates the largest single US refinery: Port Arthur TX at 630,000 bpd (some sources: 635,000 bpd) — larger than any other US refinery by nameplate capacity. The Port Arthur refinery was built specifically to process medium-sour Saudi Arabian crude: its coking, hydrocracking, and desulfurization units are optimized for Arab Light and Arab Medium grades. Motiva's refinery is simultaneously the largest US refinery AND the primary US destination for Saudi crude oil — a single asset that anchors both the world's largest refinery company (Saudi Aramco) and the US-Saudi petrodollar relationship.

US refining, midstream, chemicals, and marketing company (NYSE: PSX, HQ Houston TX); spun off from ConocoPhillips in 2012. Gulf Coast facilities: Sweeny TX (247,000 bpd) and Lake Charles LA (255,000 bpd). Phillips 66 Partners LP (midstream MLP) owns pipelines and terminals feeding crude to its refineries, including the Gray Oak Pipeline (Permian Basin crude to Texas Gulf Coast) and Liberty Pipeline (Rockies crude). The Sweeny refinery includes an 835,000 bpd fractionation hub that also processes NGL from shale formations — same facility handles both crude refining and NGL processing.

Private pipeline company (Alpharetta GA) operating the largest refined petroleum products pipeline in the United States: 5,500 miles from Houston TX to Linden NJ. Carries approximately 100 million gallons per day of gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and heating oil — supplying ~45% of all refined petroleum products consumed on the US East Coast. Not a refiner: purely a transport and distribution company. Owned by a consortium: Koch Industries (~28%), IFM Investors (~16%), Shell (~16%), KKR (~16%), CDPQ (~16%), and others. Became the subject of the most-studied critical infrastructure cyberattack in US history when a DarkSide ransomware attack on May 7, 2021 caused a voluntary 6-day operational shutdown, triggering fuel shortages across the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic.