pharmaceutical · input
Polyvalent snake antivenom (PSA) is a life-saving biologic used to treat snakebite envenomation — one of the world's deadliest neglected tropical diseases. WHO estimates 100,000 deaths and 400,000 permanent disabilities annually from snakebites. Antivenom is produced by hyperimmunizing horses with snake venom, then purifying the resulting antibodies. Fewer than 10 manufacturers globally produce antivenom at scale; Serum Institute of India and VINS Bioproducts (India) dominate production for Asian and African markets. Chronic underfunding of antivenom supply chains has caused persistent shortages in sub-Saharan Africa. Antivenom is on the WHO Essential Medicines List and is required by national health systems but faces structural supply failures due to low commercial viability.
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1 company produce polyvalent snake antivenom.
World's largest vaccine manufacturer by dose volume — ~1.9–2.0 billion doses/year as of 2023, representing ~60% of global vaccine production. Produces routine childhood vaccines (polio, measles, DTP, BCG), COVID vaccines, and others for Gavi-eligible markets. Single-site concentration risk in Pune.
