manufactured · input
Sodium-ion (Na-ion / SIB) battery cells that use sodium instead of lithium as the charge carrier, eliminating the need for lithium, cobalt, or nickel in the battery chemistry. Cathode: Prussian white (iron-manganese hexacyanoferrate) or layered transition metal oxide. Anode: hard carbon (derived from biomass or coal-based precursors). Electrolyte salt: sodium-based compounds (sodium hexafluorophosphate or sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide). Key advantages over LFP lithium-ion: (1) no geographic supply concentration for sodium (salt is globally abundant); (2) lower material cost potential; (3) better cold-temperature performance. Disadvantages: lower energy density (~120 Wh/kg vs. LFP 160 Wh/kg); not yet suitable for long-range passenger EVs. Commercial applications: e-bikes, small EVs, grid storage, telecom backup. First commercial producer: CATL (China, 2023). Other developers: HiNa Battery (China), Faradion (Stellantis, UK), KORE Power (US).
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Source countries
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Companies
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Goods affected
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Claims on record
Where it comes from
Share of global supply, by country.
| Country | Share of supply |
|---|---|
| CNChina | 88% |
| GBUnited Kingdom | 5% |
| FRFrance | 3% |
Who makes it
4 companies produce sodium-ion battery cells (na-ion, no lithium/cobalt/nickel).
World's largest EV and grid storage battery maker. 45% share of Chinese EV battery market in 2024; dominant LFP grid storage manufacturer. Has US supply relationships via Ford, BMW; building factory in Michigan via LRS JV (subject to political uncertainty).
Chinese sodium-ion battery pioneer; founded by Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. One of world's first commercial Na-ion cell producers; earlier commercial sodium-ion cells than CATL. Uses layered oxide cathode (O3-type NaMnO2-based) rather than Prussian White. Partnered with HINA Auto for first Na-ion EV demo in 2023. ~10-15% estimated global Na-ion cell market share in early commercial stage.
World's largest EV manufacturer and second-largest battery producer. BYD's Fudi Battery subsidiary manufactures LFP cells, including the 'Blade Battery' prismatic LFP cell used in EVs and increasingly in grid storage. 2024: 153.7 GWh deployed (17.2% global EV battery share). Major facilities in Huizhou (Guangdong) and multiple inland China cities.
UK sodium-ion battery pioneer; founded 2011 at Oxford/Sheffield. Acquired by Stellantis (Fiat-Chrysler + PSA merged group) in January 2021 for ~$100M before commercial Na-ion existed. Faradion was one of the world's first Na-ion battery companies. Uses nickel-manganese-titanium layered oxide cathode. Stellantis acquisition was a strategic IP bet to secure Na-ion technology for future EVs that could bypass lithium supply constraints.
