Title 16, ConservationRelease 119-110
§1391 Near Real-time Monitoring and Mitigation Program for Large Cetaceans
Title 16 › CHAPTER 31 — MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION › SUBCHAPTER II — CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF MARINE MAMMALS › § 1391
Summary
Creates a near real-time monitoring and response program to help protect threatened or endangered large whales from ship strikes and other harms. The Under Secretary, working with other federal agencies, must design a cost-effective system that focuses on the most at-risk whale species and places, detects and alerts ocean users and enforcement quickly using real-time data when possible, guides sector-specific actions to reduce harm, and keeps improving with new technology. The program starts with a pilot for North Atlantic right whales that must cover key feeding, breeding, calving, rearing, and migration areas where ship risk is high. The pilot must be designed and deployed no later than 3 years after December 23, 2022, and use visual and acoustic detection, habitat models, NOAA and regional observing systems, past and new data, fast verification and communication, shared data standards, clear risk messages for ocean users, and steps to avoid stressing whales. The Under Secretary must give a preliminary report by December 23, 2024, and a final report by December 23, 2028, with assessments, a plan to expand to other whales and areas, budgets, and technology priorities. The Under Secretary may make contracts and share data for research and public tools like NOAA’s Right Whale Sighting Advisory System and WhaleMap, unless the Secretary of Defense says an activity would hurt national security. Funding of $5,000,000 per year is authorized for each fiscal year 2023 through 2027.
Full Legal Text
Title 16, §1391
Conservation, Source: USLM XML via OLRC
(a)Establishment
The Under Secretary, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall design and deploy a cost-effective, efficient, and results-oriented near real-time monitoring and mitigation program (referred to in this section as the “Program”) for threatened or endangered cetaceans.
(b)Purpose
The purpose of the Program shall be to reduce the risk to large cetaceans posed by vessel collisions and to minimize other impacts on large cetaceans through the use of near real-time location monitoring and location information.
(c)Requirements
The Program shall—
(1)prioritize species of large cetaceans for which impacts from vessel collisions are of particular concern;
(2)prioritize areas where such impacts are of particular concern;
(3)be capable of detecting and alerting ocean users and enforcement agencies of the probable location of large cetaceans on an actionable real-time basis, including through real-time data whenever possible;
(4)inform sector-specific mitigation protocols to effectively reduce takes (as defined in section 216.3 of title 50, Code of Federal Regulations, or successor regulations) of large cetaceans;
(5)integrate technology improvements; and
(6)be informed by technologies, monitoring methods, and mitigation protocols developed under the pilot project required under subsection (d).
(d)Pilot project
(1)Establishment
In carrying out the Program, the Under Secretary shall first establish a pilot monitoring and mitigation project (referred to in this section as the “pilot project”) for North Atlantic right whales for the purposes of informing the Program.
(2)Requirements
In designing and deploying the pilot project, the Under Secretary, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall, using the best available scientific information, identify and ensure coverage of— (A)
(B)important feeding, breeding, calving, rearing, or migratory habitats of North Atlantic right whales that co-occur with areas of high risk of mortality or serious injury of such whales from vessels, vessel strikes, or disturbance.
(3)Components
Not later than 3 years after December 23, 2022, the Under Secretary, in consultation with relevant Federal agencies and Tribal governments, and with input from affected stakeholders, shall design and deploy a near real-time monitoring system for North Atlantic right whales that—
(A)comprises the best available detection power, spatial coverage, and survey effort to detect and localize North Atlantic right whales within habitats described in paragraph (2);
(B)is capable of detecting North Atlantic right whales, including visually and acoustically;
(C)uses dynamic habitat suitability models to inform the likelihood of North Atlantic right whale occurrence habitats described in paragraph (2) at any given time;
(D)coordinates with the Integrated Ocean Observing System of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Regional Ocean Partnerships to leverage monitoring assets;
(E)integrates historical data;
(F)integrates new near real-time monitoring methods and technologies as such methods and technologies become available;
(G)accurately verifies and rapidly communicates detection data to appropriate ocean users;
(H)creates standards for contributing, and allows ocean users to contribute, data to the monitoring system using comparable near real-time monitoring methods and technologies;
(I)communicates the risks of injury to large cetaceans to ocean users in a manner that is most likely to result in informed decision-making regarding the mitigation of those risks; and
(J)minimizes additional stressors to large cetaceans as a result of the information available to ocean users.
(4)Reports
(A)Preliminary report
(i)In general
Not later than 2 years after December 23, 2022, the Under Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives, and make available to the public, a preliminary report on the pilot project.
(ii)Elements
The report required under clause (i) shall include the following:
(I)A description of the monitoring methods and technology in use or planned for deployment under the pilot project.
(II)An analysis of the efficacy of the methods and technology in use or planned for deployment for detecting North Atlantic right whales.
(III)An assessment of the manner in which the monitoring system designed and deployed under this subsection is directly informing and improving the management, health, and survival of North Atlantic right whales.
(IV)A prioritized identification of technology or research gaps.
(V)A plan to communicate the risks of injury to large cetaceans to ocean users in a manner that is most likely to result in informed decision making regarding the mitigation of such risks.
(VI)Any other information on the potential benefits and efficacy of the pilot project the Under Secretary considers appropriate.
(B)Final report
(i)In general
Not later than 6 years after December 23, 2022, the Under Secretary, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives, and make available to the public, a final report on the pilot project.
(ii)Elements
The report required under clause (i) shall—
(I)address the preliminary report required under subparagraph (A); and
(II)include—
(aa)an assessment of the benefits and efficacy of the pilot project;
(bb)a strategic plan to expand the pilot project to provide near real-time monitoring and mitigation measures—
(AA)to additional large cetaceans of concern for which such measures would reduce risk of serious injury or death; and
(BB)in important feeding, breeding, calving, rearing, or migratory habitats of large cetaceans that co-occur with areas of high risk of mortality or serious injury from vessel strikes or disturbance;
(cc)a budget and description of funds necessary to carry out such plan;
(dd)a prioritized plan for acquisition, deployment, and maintenance of monitoring technologies; and
(ee)the locations or species to which such plan would apply.
(e)Mitigation protocols
The Under Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Transportation, and the Secretary of the Interior, and with input from affected stakeholders, shall develop and deploy mitigation protocols that make use of any monitoring system designed and deployed under this section to direct sector-specific mitigation measures that avoid and significantly reduce risk of serious injury and mortality to North Atlantic right whales.
(f)Access to data
The Under Secretary shall provide access to data generated by any monitoring system designed and deployed under this section for purposes of scientific research and evaluation and public awareness and education, including through the Right Whale Sighting Advisory System of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and WhaleMap or other successor public website portals, subject to review for national security considerations.
(g)Additional authority
The Under Secretary may enter into and perform such contracts, leases, grants, or cooperative agreements as may be necessary to carry out this section on such terms as the Under Secretary considers appropriate, consistent with the Federal Acquisition Regulation.
(h)Savings clause
An activity may not be carried out under this section if the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Under Secretary, determines that the activity would negatively impact the defense readiness or the national security of the United States.
(i)Funding
From funds otherwise appropriated to the Under Secretary $5,000,000 is authorized to support development, deployment, application, and ongoing maintenance of the Program and to otherwise carry out this section for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027.
Legislative History
Notes & Related Subsidiaries
Editorial Notes
Codification Section was enacted as part of the Don Young Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2022 and also as part of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, and not as part of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 which comprises this chapter.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Definitions For definition of “Secretary” as used in this section, see section 11002 of div. K of Pub. L. 117–263, set out as a note under section 106 of Title 14, Coast Guard. For definitions of terms used in this section, see section 11301 of div. K of Pub. L. 117–263, set out as a note under section 1390 of this title.
Reference
Citations & Metadata
Citation
16 U.S.C. § 1391
Title 16, Conservation
Last Updated
Sep 22, 2026
Release point: 119-110