Title 18, Crimes and Criminal ProcedureRelease 119-102

§232 Definitions

Title 18 › PART I — CRIMES › CHAPTER 12 — CIVIL DISORDERS › § 232

Last updated Aug 21, 2026|Official source

Summary

Defines some key words used in the chapter. Civil disorder means a public disturbance with violence by three or more people that risks or causes harm to people or property. Commerce covers trade or movement across states and the District of Columbia, including trips between states and places outside them, trips through other states, and anything entirely inside the District of Columbia. Federally protected function means any activity done under U.S. law by a federal department, agency, instrumentality, or federal employee, and it includes mail collection and delivery. Firearm means a gun that fires a projectile by explosive force, or the gun’s frame or receiver. Explosive or incendiary device covers high explosives like dynamite, bombs, grenades, missiles, and fire-starting devices, including small breakable containers with flammable liquid and a wick that one person can carry or throw. Fireman means a member of a fire department, including volunteers, at the state, local, or District of Columbia level. Law enforcement officer means a federal, state, local, or District of Columbia officer or employee enforcing criminal laws; it also includes National Guard, other state militia, and members of the Armed Forces when they are suppressing violence or restoring order during a civil disorder. State means any U.S. state and also commonwealths, territories, and possessions.

Full Legal Text

Title 18, §232

Crimes and Criminal Procedure, Source: USLM XML via OLRC

For purposes of this chapter:
(1)The term “civil disorder” means any public disturbance involving acts of violence by assemblages of three or more persons, which causes an immediate danger of or results in damage or injury to the property or person of any other individual.
(2)The term “commerce” means commerce (A) between any State or the District of Columbia and any place outside thereof; (B) between points within any State or the District of Columbia, but through any place outside thereof; or (C) wholly within the District of Columbia.
(3)The term “federally protected function” means any function, operation, or action carried out, under the laws of the United States, by any department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States or by an officer or employee thereof; and such term shall specifically include, but not be limited to, the collection and distribution of the United States mails.
(4)The term “firearm” means any weapon which is designed to or may readily be converted to expel any projectile by the action of an explosive; or the frame or receiver of any such weapon.
(5)The term “explosive or incendiary device” means (A) dynamite and all other forms of high explosives, (B) any explosive bomb, grenade, missile, or similar device, and (C) any incendiary bomb or grenade, fire bomb, or similar device, including any device which (i) consists of or includes a breakable container including a flammable liquid or compound, and a wick composed of any material which, when ignited, is capable of igniting such flammable liquid or compound, and (ii) can be carried or thrown by one individual acting alone.
(6)The term “fireman” means any member of a fire department (including a volunteer fire department) of any State, any political subdivision of a State, or the District of Columbia.
(7)The term “law enforcement officer” means any officer or employee of the United States, any State, any political subdivision of a State, or the District of Columbia, while engaged in the enforcement or prosecution of any of the criminal laws of the United States, a State, any political subdivision of a State, or the District of Columbia; and such term shall specifically include members of the National Guard (as defined in section 101 of title 10), members of the organized militia of any State, or territory of the United States, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or the District of Columbia not included within the National Guard (as defined in section 101 of title 10), and members of the Armed Forces of the United States, while engaged in suppressing acts of violence or restoring law and order during a civil disorder.
(8)The term “State” includes a State of the United States, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.

Legislative History

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1992—Par. (7). Pub. L. 102–484 substituted “members of the National Guard (as defined in section 101 of title 10),” for “, but shall not be limited to, members of the National Guard, as defined in section 101(9) of title 10, United States Code,” and “not included within the National Guard (as defined in section 101 of title 10),” for “, not included within the definition of National Guard as defined by such section 101(9),”. 1990—Par. (8). Pub. L. 101–647 added par. (8).

Reference

Citations & Metadata

Citation

18 U.S.C. § 232

Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure

Last Updated

Aug 21, 2026

Release point: 119-102