§2295a — Title 22 Foreign Relations and Intercourse | U.S. Code

Summary

The President must look at more than need when giving U.S. help to a country from the former Soviet Union. The country should be making real progress on democracy (rule of law, freedoms, and fair elections), market-based economic reform (private ownership, trade, and laws like contract and intellectual property protection), and respect for human rights (including minorities and religion). The country should follow international law and agreements, try to solve ethnic and regional fights peacefully, use responsible security policies (follow arms-control deals, cut forces and military spending, not spread nuclear/chemical/biological weapons or their delivery systems, and limit regular arms transfers), protect the environment, refuse to support terrorism, take responsibility for a fair share of Soviet-era debts to U.S. firms, help the U.S. learn about Americans listed as POWs or missing from the Cold War, and stop supporting Cuba’s communist government (including removing troops and closing bases like Lourdes and Cienfuegos). The President must not give aid to countries that commit gross human-rights or international-law violations, refuse to follow arms-control obligations, or after October 24, 1992 knowingly transfer missiles or missile tech that break the Missile Technology Control Regime or give materials that would significantly help make weapons of mass destruction. Aid is also barred if other laws already forbid it, or if within 30 days after the President certifies (and Congress does not disapprove) that the country is aiding or trading with Cuba in nonmarket ways. Russia can be denied aid for not removing troops from Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania or for other acts that violate Baltic sovereignty. Banned aid can still be given if the President says it’s vital to U.S. national security, will promote human rights or democracy, is for disaster relief, or is for the U.S. secondary school exchange program. Starting March 12, 1996, the U.S. must withhold from aid an amount equal to what a country spent on Cuban intelligence facilities (including Lourdes), though the President may waive that rule for national security reasons and must report on Russian activities in Cuba; some kinds of help (humanitarian relief, democracy and rule-of-law work, nuclear safety upgrades, building independent NGOs or free-market systems, the school exchange, and Cooperative Threat Reduction projects) are not subject to the withholding.

Title 22, §2295a

Foreign Relations and Intercourse — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)In providing assistance under this part for the government of any independent state of the former Soviet Union, the President shall take into account not only relative need but also the extent to which that independent state is acting to—

(1)make significant progress toward, and is committed to the comprehensive implementation of, a democratic system based on principles of the rule of law, individual freedoms, and representative government determined by free and fair elections;

(2)make significant progress in, and is committed to the comprehensive implementation of, economic reform based on market principles, private ownership, and integration into the world economy, including implementation of the legal and policy frameworks necessary for such reform (including protection of intellectual property and respect for contracts);

(3)respect internationally recognized human rights, including the rights of minorities and the rights to freedom of religion and emigration;

(4)respect international law and obligations and adhere to the Helsinki Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Charter of Paris, including the obligations to refrain from the threat or use of force and to settle disputes peacefully;

(5)cooperate in seeking peaceful resolution of ethnic and regional conflicts;

(6)implement responsible security policies, including—

(A)adhering to arms control obligations derived from agreements signed by the former Soviet Union;

(B)reducing military forces and expenditures to a level consistent with legitimate defense requirements;

(C)not proliferating nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons, their delivery systems, or related technologies; and

(D)restraining conventional weapons transfers;

(7)take constructive actions to protect the international environment, prevent significant transborder pollution, and promote sustainable use of natural resources;

(8)deny support for acts of international terrorism;

(9)accept responsibility for paying an equitable portion of the indebtedness to United States firms incurred by the former Soviet Union;

(10)cooperate with the United States Government in uncovering all evidence regarding Americans listed as prisoners-of-war, or otherwise missing during American operations, who were detained in the former Soviet Union during the Cold War; and

(11)terminate support for the communist regime in Cuba, including removal of troops, closing military and intelligence facilities, including the military and intelligence facilities at Lourdes and Cienfuegos, and ceasing trade subsidies and economic, nuclear, and other assistance.

(b)The President shall not provide assistance under this part—

(1)for the government of any independent state that the President determines is engaged in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights or of international law;

(2)for the government of any independent state that the President determines has failed to take constructive actions to facilitate the effective implementation of applicable arms control obligations derived from agreements signed by the former Soviet Union;

(3)for the government of any independent state that the President determines has, on or after October 24, 1992, knowingly transferred to another country—

(A)missiles or missile technology inconsistent with the guidelines and parameters of the Missile Technology Control Regime; or

(B)any material, equipment, or technology that would contribute significantly to the ability of such country to manufacture any weapon of mass destruction (including nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons) if the President determines that the material, equipment, or technology was to be used by such country in the manufacture of such weapon;

(4)for the government of any independent state that is prohibited from receiving such assistance by section 2799aa or 2799aa–1 of this title or section 5604(a)(1) and 5605 of this title;

(5)for the government of any independent state effective 30 days after the President has determined and certified to the appropriate congressional committees (and Congress has not enacted legislation disapproving the determination within that 30-day period) that such government is providing assistance for, or engaging in nonmarket based trade (as defined in section 2295b(k)(3) of this title) with, the Cuban Government; or

(6)for the Government of Russia if it has failed to make significant progress on the removal of Russian or Commonwealth of Independent States troops from Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania or if it has failed to undertake good faith efforts, such as negotiations, to end other military practices that violate the sovereignty of the Baltics 11 So in original. Probably should be “Baltic”. states.

(c)Assistance prohibited by subsection (b) or any similar provision of law, other than assistance prohibited by the provisions referred to in subsection (b)(4), may be furnished under any of the following circumstances:

(1)The President determines that furnishing such assistance is important to the national interest of the United States.

(2)The President determines that furnishing such assistance will foster respect for internationally recognized human rights and the rule of law or the development of institutions of democratic governance.

(3)The assistance is furnished for the alleviation of suffering resulting from a natural or man-made disaster.

(4)The assistance is provided under the secondary school exchange program administered by the United States Information Agency.

(d)(1)Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President shall withhold from assistance provided, on or after March 12, 1996, for an independent state of the former Soviet Union under this chapter an amount equal to the sum of assistance and credits, if any, provided on or after March 12, 1996, by such state in support of intelligence facilities in Cuba, including the intelligence facility at Lourdes, Cuba.

(2)(A)The President may waive the requirement of paragraph (1) to withhold assistance if the President certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that the provision of such assistance is important to the national security of the United States, and, in the case of such a certification made with respect to Russia, if the President certifies that the Russian Government has assured the United States Government that the Russian Government is not sharing intelligence data collected at the Lourdes facility with officials or agents of the Cuban Government.

(B)At the time of a certification made with respect to Russia under subparagraph (A), the President shall also submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing the intelligence activities of Russia in Cuba, including the purposes for which the Lourdes facility is used by the Russian Government and the extent to which the Russian Government provides payment or government credits to the Cuban Government for the continued use of the Lourdes facility.

(C)The report required by subparagraph (B) may be submitted in classified form.

(D)For purposes of this paragraph, the term “appropriate congressional committees” includes the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate.

(3)The requirement of paragraph (1) to withhold assistance shall not apply with respect to—

(A)assistance to meet urgent humanitarian needs, including disaster and refugee relief;

(B)democratic political reform or rule of law activities;

(C)technical assistance for safety upgrades of civilian nuclear power plants;

(D)the creation of private sector or nongovernmental organizations that are independent of government control;

(E)the development of a free market economic system;

(F)assistance under the secondary school exchange program administered by the United States Information Agency; or

(G)assistance for the purposes described in the Cooperative Threat Reduction Act of 1993 (title XII of Public Law 103–160) [22 U.S.C. 5951 et seq.].

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, known as the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables. The Cooperative Threat Reduction Act of 1993, referred to in subsec. (d)(3)(G), is title XII of div. A of Pub. L. 103–160, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1777, which is classified generally to chapter 68A (§ 5951 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 5951 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

1996—Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 104–114, § 106(b), substituted “military and intelligence facilities, including the military and intelligence facilities at Lourdes and Cienfuegos” for “of military facilities”. Subsec. (b)(5), (6). Pub. L. 104–114, § 106(c)(1), added par. (5) and redesignated former par. (5) as (6). Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 104–114, § 106(c)(3), added par. (4). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–114, § 106(d)(2), added subsec. (d). 1994—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 103–236 substituted “section 2799aa or 2799aa–1” for “section 2429 or 2429a”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

of 1994 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 103–236 effective 60 days after Apr. 30, 1994, see section 831 of Pub. L. 103–236, set out as an

Effective Date

note under section 6301 of this title.

Transfer of Functions

United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see section 6531 and 6532 of this title. Ineligibility for Assistance of Institutions Withholding Certain Documents of United States Nationals Pub. L. 102–511, title II, § 202, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3331, provided that: “(a) Prohibition.—Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c), an agency, instrumentality, or other governmental entity of an independent state of the former Soviet Union shall not be eligible to receive assistance under chapter 11 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2295 et seq.] if—“(1) on the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 24, 1992], there is outstanding a final judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction in that independent state that that governmental entity is withholding unlawfully books or other documents of religious or historical significance that are the property of United States persons; and “(2) within 90 days of a request by such United States persons, the Secretary of State determines that execution of the court’s judgment is blocked as the result of extrajudicial causes such as any of the following:“(A) A declared refusal of the defendant to comply. “(B) The unwillingness or failure of local authorities to enforce compliance. “(C) The issuance of an administrative decree nullifying a court’s judgment or forbidding compliance. “(D) The passage of legislation, after a court’s judgment, nullifying that judgment or forbidding compliance with that judgment. “(b) Exception for Humanitarian Assistance.—The prohibition contained in subsection (a) shall not apply to the provision of assistance to alleviate suffering resulting from a natural or man-made disaster. “(c) Waiver Authority.—The Secretary of State may waive the application of subsection (a) whenever the Secretary finds that—“(1) the court’s judgment has been executed; or “(2) it is important to the national interest of the United States to do so. “(d) Report.—Nine months after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 24, 1992], the Secretary of State shall report to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate on the status of final judgments described in subsection (a)(1). “(e) United States Person.—For purposes of this section, the term ‘United States person’ means—“(1) any citizen, national, or permanent resident alien of the United States; and “(2) any corporation, partnership, or other juridical entity which is 50 percent or more beneficially owned by individuals described in paragraph (1).”

Executive Documents

Change of Name

The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe to be called the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe effective Jan. 1, 1995, pursuant to Ex. Ord. No. 13029, Dec. 3, 1996, 61 F.R. 64591. Delegation of Functions For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title. Functions of President under subsecs. (a) and (c)(2) of this section delegated to Coordinator by section 2(c), (d) of Ex. Ord. No. 12884, Dec. 1, 1993, 58 F.R. 64099, set out as a note under section 5812 of this title. Functions of President under subsecs. (b)(1)–(3), (5), and (c)(1) of this section delegated to Secretary of State by section 1(2), (3) of Ex. Ord. No. 12884. Functions of President under subsec. (c)(3) of this section and requirement to make reports under this section regarding determinations under subsec. (c)(3) delegated to Secretary of State by section 3(c) of Ex. Ord. No. 12884, Dec. 1, 1993, 58 F.R. 64099, as amended.

§2295a Criteria for Assistance to Governments of the Independent States

Summary

Title 22, §2295a

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Short Title

Short Title

Amendments

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Effective Date

Transfer of Functions

Executive Documents

Change of Name

Citations & Metadata