Title 22 — Foreign Relations and IntercourseRelease 119-73not60
§6431 Establishment and Composition
Title 22 › Chapter 73— INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM › Subchapter II— COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM › § 6431
Summary
Creates a United States Commission on International Religious Freedom and sets who serves on it and how it works. An Ambassador at Large is a nonvoting member. There are nine 11 other members who must be U.S. citizens and not paid federal employees. The President picks 3 members. The Senate’s President pro tempore picks 3 (two chosen after recommendation by the Senate leader of the President’s opposite party and one after recommendation by the other Senate leader). The Speaker of the House picks 3 (two chosen after recommendation by the House leader of the President’s opposite party and one after recommendation by the other House leader). Members must be people known for experience in areas like foreign affairs, human rights, work abroad, or international law. Those appointments had to be made within 120 days after October 27, 1998. Each member serves a 2-year term and may not serve more than two terms ever. Special 1-year and 2-year assignments applied for members serving May 15, 2003, through May 14, 2005, with 1-year terms treated as May 15, 2003–May 14, 2004. A member who attends fewer than 75% of meetings in a term cannot be reappointed. Each year after May 30 the Commission elects a Chair and a Vice Chair; the Vice Chair must have been appointed by an officeholder of a different political party than the Chair’s appointing officeholder, and the two posts rotate yearly between members appointed by different parties. Six voting members make a quorum. The Commission meets within 15 days after the annual International Religious Freedom Report is issued or when called by the Chair (or by six members if no Chair). Vacancies do not stop the Commission and are filled the same way as the original appointments; a member may stay until a successor takes office. The General Services Administrator provides requested administrative help on a reimbursable or nonreimbursable basis. Members may be paid travel and per diem under federal travel rules and must follow those travel regulations. If a payment is made under section 415(a) of the Congressional Accountability Act for harassment, intimidation, reprisal, or discrimination personally committed by a member, that member must be removed from the Commission.
Full Legal Text
Title 22, §6431
Foreign Relations and Intercourse — Source: USLM XML via OLRC
(a)There is established the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom.
(b)(1)The Commission shall be composed of—
(A)the Ambassador at Large, who shall serve ex officio as a nonvoting member of the Commission; and
(B)Nine 11 So in original. Probably should not be capitalized. other members, who shall be United States citizens who are not being paid as officers or employees of the United States, and who shall be appointed as follows:
(i)Three members of the Commission shall be appointed by the President.
(ii)Three members of the Commission shall be appointed by the President pro tempore of the Senate, of which two of the members shall be appointed upon the recommendation of the leader in the Senate of the political party that is not the political party of the President, and of which one of the members shall be appointed upon the recommendation of the leader in the Senate of the other political party.
(iii)Three members of the Commission shall be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, of which two of the members shall be appointed upon the recommendation of the leader in the House of the political party that is not the political party of the President, and of which one of the members shall be appointed upon the recommendation of the leader in the House of the other political party.
(2)Members of the Commission shall be selected among distinguished individuals noted for their knowledge and experience in fields relevant to the issue of international religious freedom, including foreign affairs, direct experience abroad, human rights, and international law.
(3)The appointments required by paragraph (1) shall be made not later than 120 days after October 27, 1998.
(c)(1)The term of office of each member of the Commission shall be 2 years. An individual, including any member appointed to the Commission prior to December 23, 2011, shall not serve more than 2 terms as a member of the Commission under any circumstance. For any member serving on the Commission on such date who has completed at least 2 full terms on the Commission, such member’s term shall expire 90 days after such date. A member of the Commission may not serve after the expiration of that member’s term.
(2)(A)Notwithstanding paragraph (1), members of the Commission appointed to serve on the Commission during the period May 15, 2003, through May 14, 2005, shall be appointed to terms in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph.
(B)Of the three members of the Commission appointed by the President under subsection (b)(1)(B)(i), two shall be appointed to a 1-year term and one shall be appointed to a 2-year term.
(C)Of the three members of the Commission appointed by the President pro tempore of the Senate under subsection (b)(1)(B)(ii), one of the appointments made upon the recommendation of the leader in the Senate of the political party that is not the political party of the President shall be appointed to a 1-year term, and the other two appointments under such clause shall be 2-year terms.
(D)Of the three members of the Commission appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives under subsection (b)(1)(B)(iii), one of the appointments made upon the recommendation of the leader in the House of the political party that is not the political party of the President shall be to a 1-year term, and the other two appointments under such clause shall be 2-year terms.
(E)The term of each member of the Commission appointed to a 1-year term shall be considered to have begun on May 15, 2003, and shall end on May 14, 2004, regardless of the date of the appointment to the Commission. Each vacancy which occurs upon the expiration of the term of a member appointed to a 1-year term shall be filled by the appointment of a successor to a 2-year term.
(F)Each appointment of a member to a two-year term shall identify the member succeeded thereby, and each such term shall end on May 14 of the year that is at least two years after the expiration of the previous term, regardless of the date of the appointment to the Commission.
(3)If a member of the Commission attends, by being physically present or by conference call, less than 75 percent of the meetings of the Commission during one of that member’s terms on the Commission, the member shall not be eligible for reappointment to the Commission.
(d)At the first meeting of the Commission after May 30 of each year, a majority of the members of the Commission who are present and voting shall elect a Chair and a Vice Chair. The Vice Chair shall have been appointed by an officeholder from a different political party than the officeholder who appointed the member of the Commission who was elected Chair. The positions of Chair and Vice Chair shall be rotated annually between members who were appointed to the Commission by officeholders of different political parties.
(e)Six voting members of the Commission shall constitute a quorum for purposes of transacting business.
(f)Each year, within 15 days, or as soon as practicable, after the issuance of the International Religious Freedom Report, the Commission shall convene. The Commission shall otherwise meet at the call of the Chair or, if no Chair has been elected for that calendar year, at the call of six voting members of the Commission.
(g)Any vacancy of the Commission shall not affect its powers, but shall be filled in the manner in which the original appointment was made. A member may serve after the expiration of that member’s term until a successor has taken office. Any member appointed to fill a vacancy occurring before the expiration of the term for which the member’s predecessor was appointed shall be appointed only for the remainder of that term.
(h)The Administrator of General Services shall provide to the Commission on a reimbursable basis (or, in the discretion of the Administrator, on a nonreimbursable basis) such administrative support services as the Commission may request to carry out the provisions of this subchapter.
(i)Members of the Commission shall be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence at rates authorized for employees of agencies under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5 while away from their homes or regular places of business in the performance of services for the Commission. Members of the Commission shall comply with the requirements set forth in chapters 300 through 304 of title 41, Code of Federal Regulations (commonly known as the “Federal Travel Regulation”) and the Department of State Standardized Regulations governing authorized travel at government expense, including regulations concerning the mode of travel, lodging and per diem expenditures, reimbursement payments, and expense reporting and documentation requirements.
(j)If a payment is made under section 415(a) of the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1415(a)) for an award or settlement in connection with a claim alleging a violation of unlawful harassment, intimidation, reprisal, or discrimination under the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1301 et seq.) that was committed personally by an individual who, at the time of committing the violation, was a Member of the Commission, the Member shall be removed from the Commission.
Legislative History
Notes & Related Subsidiaries
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The Congressional Accountability Act of 1995, referred to in subsec. (j), is Pub. L. 104–1, Jan. 23, 1995, 109 Stat. 3, which is classified principally to chapter 24 (§ 1301 et seq.) of Title 2, The Congress. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see
Short Title
note under section 1301 of Title 2 and Tables.
Amendments
2019—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 116–94, § 803(1), struck out subpar. (A) designation and heading and subpar. (B). Prior to amendment, text of subpar. (B) read as follows: “Each member of the Commission shall be required to obtain a security clearance.” Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 116–94, § 803(2), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “At the first meeting of the Commission after May 30 of each year, a majority of the members of the Commission present and voting shall elect the Chair of the Commission. No member of the Commission is eligible to be elected as Chair of the Commission for a second, consecutive term.” Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 116–94, § 803(3), substituted “International Religious Freedom Report” for “Country Report on Human Rights Practices”. Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 116–94, § 806(a), substituted “shall comply with” for “are subject to”. Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 116–94, § 803(4), added subsec. (j). 2011—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 112–75, § 2(a)(1), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: “The term of office of each member of the Commission shall be 2 years. The term of each member of the Commission appointed to the first two-year term of the Commission shall be considered to have begun on
May 15, 1999, and shall end on
May 14, 2001, regardless of the date of appointment to the Commission. The term of each member of the Commission appointed to the second two-year term of the Commission shall begin on
May 15, 2001, and shall end on
May 14, 2003, regardless of the date of appointment to the Commission. In the case in which a vacancy in the membership of the Commission is filled during a two-year term of the Commission, such membership on the Commission shall terminate at the end of that two-year term of the Commission. Members of the Commission shall be eligible for reappointment to a second term.” Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 112–75, § 2(a)(2), added par. (3). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–75, § 2(b), inserted at end “No member of the Commission is eligible to be elected as Chair of the Commission for a second, consecutive term.” Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 112–75, § 2(c), inserted at end “Members of the Commission are subject to the requirements set forth in chapters 300 through 304 of title 41, Code of Federal
Regulations
(commonly known as the ‘Federal Travel Regulation’) and the Department of State Standardized
Regulations
governing authorized travel at government expense, including
Regulations
concerning the mode of travel, lodging and per diem expenditures, reimbursement payments, and expense reporting and documentation requirements.” 2002—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 107–228, § 681(b), added par. (2). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–228, § 681(c), substituted “after May 30 of each” for “in each calendar”. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 107–228, § 681(d), inserted at end “A member may serve after the expiration of that member’s term until a successor has taken office. Any member appointed to fill a vacancy occurring before the expiration of the term for which the member’s predecessor was appointed shall be appointed only for the remainder of that term.” 1999—Pub. L. 106–55, § 1(a)(2), which directed amendment of section by inserting after first sentence “The term of each member of the Commission appointed to the first two-year term of the Commission shall be considered to have begun on
May 15, 1999, and shall end on
May 14, 2001, regardless of the date of appointment to the Commission. The term of each member of the Commission appointed to the second two-year term of the Commission shall begin on
May 15, 2001, and shall end on
May 14, 2003, regardless of the date of appointment to the Commission. In the case in which a vacancy in the membership of the Commission is filled during a two-year term of the Commission, such membership on the Commission shall terminate at the end of that two-year term of the Commission.”, was executed by making the insertion after the first sentence of subsec. (c)(1) to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Subsec. (b)(1)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 106–55, § 2(b), substituted “Three” for “three”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–55, § 1(a)(1), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and inserted par. heading. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 106–55, § 1(a)(3), amended heading and text of subsec. (h) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Secretary of State shall assist the Commission by providing to the Commission such staff and administrative services of the Office as may be necessary and appropriate for the Commission to perform its functions. Any employee of the executive branch of Government may be detailed to the Commission without reimbursement to the agency of that employee and such detail shall be without interruption or loss of civil service status or privilege.”
Reference
Citations & Metadata
Citation
22 U.S.C. § 6431
Title 22 — Foreign Relations and Intercourse
Last Updated
Apr 5, 2026
Release point: 119-73not60