Title 26, Internal Revenue CodeRelease 119-110

§2107 Expatriation to Avoid Tax

Title 26 › Subtitle B — Estate and Gift Taxes › CHAPTER 11 — ESTATE TAX › Subchapter B — Estates of Nonresidents Not Citizens › § 2107

Last updated Sep 22, 2026|Official source

Summary

If a person who was not a U.S. citizen and not a U.S. resident dies in a year when special expatriation tax rules apply to them, an estate tax is charged on the transfer of their taxable estate using the normal estate-tax rules. If the person owned 10% or more of the voting stock of a foreign company, and they owned or are treated as owning more than 50% of that company by vote or value, then the part of the stock’s value that counts toward the estate is the share that matches how much of the company’s assets are in the United States. A credit of $13,000 reduces this tax, but not below zero. Foreign death taxes actually paid on property included only because of the foreign-company rule can be credited too, with limits based on how much of that property was taxed and its share of the special additions to the estate. Other normal estate-tax credits also apply. If the IRS shows it is reasonable to think someone gave up U.S. citizenship mainly to avoid taxes, the estate’s executor must prove that avoiding taxes was not a main reason. Long-term lawful permanent residents who stopped being taxed as residents are treated in a similar way.

Full Legal Text

Title 26, §2107

Internal Revenue Code, Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)Treatment of expatriates
A tax computed in accordance with the table contained in section 2001 is hereby imposed on the transfer of the taxable estate, determined as provided in section 2106, of every decedent nonresident not a citizen of the United States if the date of death occurs during a taxable year with respect to which the decedent is subject to tax under section 877(b).
(b)Gross estate
For purposes of the tax imposed by subsection (a), the value of the gross estate of every decedent to whom subsection (a) applies shall be determined as provided in section 2103, except that—
(1)if such decedent owned (within the meaning of section 958(a)) at the time of his death 10 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of a foreign corporation, and
(2)if such decedent owned (within the meaning of section 958(a)), or is considered to have owned (by applying the ownership rules of section 958(b)), at the time of his death, more than 50 percent of—
(A)the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of such corporation, or
(B)the total value of the stock of such corporation,
then that proportion of the fair market value of the stock of such foreign corporation owned (within the meaning of section 958(a)) by such decedent at the time of his death, which the fair market value of any assets owned by such foreign corporation and situated in the United States, at the time of his death, bears to the total fair market value of all assets owned by such foreign corporation at the time of his death, shall be included in the gross estate of such decedent. For purposes of the preceding sentence, a decedent shall be treated as owning stock of a foreign corporation at the time of his death if, at the time of a transfer, by trust or otherwise, within the meaning of sections 2035 to 2038, inclusive, he owned such stock.
(c)Credits
(1)Unified credit
(A)In general
A credit of $13,000 shall be allowed against the tax imposed by subsection (a).
(B)Limitation based on amount of tax
The credit allowed under this paragraph shall not exceed the amount of the tax imposed by subsection (a).
(2)Credit for foreign death taxes
(A)In general
The tax imposed by subsection (a) shall be credited with the amount of any estate, inheritance, legacy, or succession taxes actually paid to any foreign country in respect of any property which is included in the gross estate solely by reason of subsection (b).
(B)Limitation on credit
The credit allowed by subparagraph (A) for such taxes paid to a foreign country shall not exceed the lesser of— (i)
(ii)such property’s proportionate share of the excess of—
(I)the tax imposed by subsection (a), over
(II)the tax which would be imposed by section 2101 but for this section.
(C)Proportionate share
In the case of property which is included in the gross estate solely by reason of subsection (b), such property’s proportionate share is the percentage which the value of such property bears to the total value of all property included in the gross estate solely by reason of subsection (b).
(3)Other credits
The tax imposed by subsection (a) shall be credited with the amounts determined in accordance with subsections (a) and (b) of section 2102. For purposes of subsection (a) of section 2102, section 2012 and 2013 shall be applied as if the credit allowed under paragraph (1) were allowed under section 2010.
(d)Burden of proof (e) Cross reference
If the Secretary establishes that it is reasonable to believe that an individual’s loss of United States citizenship would, but for this section, result in a substantial reduction in the estate, inheritance, legacy, and succession taxes in respect of the transfer of his estate, the burden of proving that such loss of citizenship did not have for one of its principal purposes the avoidance of taxes under this subtitle or subtitle A shall be on the executor of such individual’s estate.

Legislative History

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2004—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–357 reenacted heading without change and amended text of subsec. (a) generally, substituting provisions relating to imposition of tax on the transfer of the taxable estate of every decedent nonresident not a citizen of the United States if the date of death occurs during a taxable year with respect to which the decedent is subject to tax under section 877(b), for provisions relating to imposition of tax on the transfer of the taxable estate of every decedent nonresident not a citizen of the United States if, within the 10-year period ending with the date of death, such decedent lost United States citizenship, unless such loss did not have for one of its principal purposes the avoidance of taxes, and provisions describing individuals to be treated as having a principal purpose to avoid taxes. 2001—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 107–16 substituted “2012 and 2013” for “2011 to 2013, inclusive,”. 1997—Subsec. (c)(2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1602(g)(6)(A), substituted “such foreign country as the value of the property subjected to such taxes by such foreign country and” for “such foreign country in respect of property included in the gross estate as the value of the property”. Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1602(g)(6)(B), amended heading and text of subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “For purposes of subparagraph (B), a property’s proportionate share is the percentage of the value of the property which is included in the gross estate solely by reason of subsection (b) bears to the total value of the gross estate.” 1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–191, § 511(e)(1)(A), substituted “Treatment of expatriates” for “Rate of tax” in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “A tax computed in accordance with the table contained in section 2001 is hereby imposed on the transfer of the taxable estate, determined as provided in section 2106, of every decedent nonresident not a citizen of the United States dying after
November 13, 1966, if after
March 8, 1965, and within the 10-year period ending with the date of death such decedent lost United States citizenship, unless such loss did not have for one of its principal purposes the avoidance of taxes under this subtitle or subtitle A.” Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 104–191, § 511(e)(1)(C), substituted “more than 50 percent of—” for “more than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of such foreign corporation,” and added subpars. (A) and (B). Subsec. (c)(2), (3). Pub. L. 104–191, § 511(e)(1)(B), added par. (2) and redesignated former par. (2) as (3). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–191, § 511(f)(2)(A), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which read as follows: “(d) Exception for Loss of Citizenship for Certain Causes.—Subsection (a) shall not apply to the transfer of the estate of a decedent whose loss of United States citizenship resulted from the application of section 301(b), 350, or 355 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended (8 U.S.C. 1401(b), 1482, or 1487).” Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–191, § 511(f)(2)(A), added subsec. (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (d). 1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1902(a)(6), substituted “
November 13, 1966” for “the date of enactment of this section” after “dying after”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–455, § 2001(c)(1)(E)(ii), substituted provisions relating to unified credit for “The tax imposed by subsection (a) shall be credited with the amounts determined in accordance with section 2102.” Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

of 2004 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to individuals who expatriate after June 3, 2004, see section 804(f) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 877 of this title.

Effective Date

of 2001 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 107–16 applicable to estates of decedents dying, and generation-skipping transfers, after Dec. 31, 2004, see section 532(d) of Pub. L. 107–16, set out as a note under section 2012 of this title.

Effective Date

of 1997 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 105–34 effective as if included in the provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–191, to which such amendment relates, see section 1602(i) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.

Effective Date

of 1996 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 104–191 applicable to individuals losing United States citizenship on or after Feb. 6, 1995, and to long-term residents of the United States with respect to whom an event described in section 877(e)(1)(A) or (B) of this title occurs on or after Feb. 6, 1995, with special rule for certain individuals who performed an act of expatriation specified in section 1481(a)(1)–(4) of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, before Feb. 6, 1995, see section 511(g) of Pub. L. 104–191, set out as a note under section 877 of this title.

Effective Date

of 1976 AmendmentAmendment by section 1902(a)(6) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable in the case of estates of decedents dying after Oct. 4, 1976, see section 1902(c)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2012 of this title. Amendment by section 2001(c)(1)(E)(ii) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to estates of decedents dying after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 2001(d)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2001 of this title.

Effective Date

Section applicable with respect to estates of decedents dying after Nov. 13, 1966, see section 108(i) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as an

Effective Date

of 1966 Amendment note under section 2101 of this title.

Reference

Citations & Metadata

Citation

26 U.S.C. § 2107

Title 26, Internal Revenue Code

Last Updated

Sep 22, 2026

Release point: 119-110