§1997e — Title 42 The Public Health and Welfare | U.S. Code

Summary

Prisoners must use all available prison grievance steps before suing in federal court about jail or prison conditions. If a state has no grievance system, or does not follow one, that alone cannot be the reason to bring certain prison-condition lawsuits. A judge must dismiss a prisoner’s case if it is clearly pointless, mean-spirited, fails to state a valid legal claim, or asks for money from someone who is legally protected from paying. If a claim is plainly useless, the judge can dismiss it right away without waiting for the prisoner to finish grievance steps. Lawyers’ fees in prisoner cases are limited. Fees can only be paid for work that directly proved a real legal violation or enforced relief. Fees must be reasonable compared to the court’s award, and no more than 25 percent of a money judgment can be taken to pay fees; if the fee award is not greater than 150 percent of the judgment, the defendant pays any extra. Hourly fees cannot exceed 150 percent of the rate set for court-appointed lawyers. Prisoners may agree to pay a lawyer more themselves. Prisoners cannot sue just for mental or emotional harm without first showing a physical injury or a sexual act occurred. When possible, pretrial steps and hearings should use phone or video so prisoners do not have to be moved. Defendants may waive answering, but that is not an admission, and a judge can require an answer if the prisoner has a reasonable chance to win. Prisoner — someone held in a jail, prison, or similar facility while accused, convicted, or under supervision like parole or probation.

Title 42, §1997e

The Public Health and Welfare — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)No action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 of this title, or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted.

(b)The failure of a State to adopt or adhere to an administrative grievance procedure shall not constitute the basis for an action under section 1997a or 1997c of this title.

(c)(1)The court shall on its own motion or on the motion of a party dismiss any action brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 of this title, or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility if the court is satisfied that the action is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, or seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief.

(2)In the event that a claim is, on its face, frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, or seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief, the court may dismiss the underlying claim without first requiring the exhaustion of administrative remedies.

(d)(1)In any action brought by a prisoner who is confined to any jail, prison, or other correctional facility, in which attorney’s fees are authorized under section 1988 11 See References in Text note below. of this title, such fees shall not be awarded, except to the extent that—

(A)the fee was directly and reasonably incurred in proving an actual violation of the plaintiff’s rights protected by a statute pursuant to which a fee may be awarded under section 1988 1 of this title; and

(B)(i)the amount of the fee is proportionately related to the court ordered relief for the violation; or

(ii)the fee was directly and reasonably incurred in enforcing the relief ordered for the violation.

(2)Whenever a monetary judgment is awarded in an action described in paragraph (1), a portion of the judgment (not to exceed 25 percent) shall be applied to satisfy the amount of attorney’s fees awarded against the defendant. If the award of attorney’s fees is not greater than 150 percent of the judgment, the excess shall be paid by the defendant.

(3)No award of attorney’s fees in an action described in paragraph (1) shall be based on an hourly rate greater than 150 percent of the hourly rate established under section 3006A of title 18 for payment of court-appointed counsel.

(4)Nothing in this subsection shall prohibit a prisoner from entering into an agreement to pay an attorney’s fee in an amount greater than the amount authorized under this subsection, if the fee is paid by the individual rather than by the defendant pursuant to section 1988 1 of this title.

(e)No Federal civil action may be brought by a prisoner confined in a jail, prison, or other correctional facility, for mental or emotional injury suffered while in custody without a prior showing of physical injury or the commission of a sexual act (as defined in section 2246 of title 18).

(f)(1)To the extent practicable, in any action brought with respect to prison conditions in Federal court pursuant to section 1983 of this title, or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility, pretrial proceedings in which the prisoner’s participation is required or permitted shall be conducted by telephone, video conference, or other telecommunications technology without removing the prisoner from the facility in which the prisoner is confined.

(2)Subject to the agreement of the official of the Federal, State, or local unit of government with custody over the prisoner, hearings may be conducted at the facility in which the prisoner is confined. To the extent practicable, the court shall allow counsel to participate by telephone, video conference, or other communications technology in any hearing held at the facility.

(g)(1)Any defendant may waive the right to reply to any action brought by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility under section 1983 of this title or any other Federal law. Notwithstanding any other law or rule of procedure, such waiver shall not constitute an admission of the allegations contained in the complaint. No relief shall be granted to the plaintiff unless a reply has been filed.

(2)The court may require any defendant to reply to a complaint brought under this section if it finds that the plaintiff has a reasonable opportunity to prevail on the merits.

(h)As used in this section, the term “prisoner” means any person incarcerated or detained in any facility who is accused of, convicted of, sentenced for, or adjudicated delinquent for, violations of criminal law or the terms and conditions of parole, probation, pretrial release, or diversionary program.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

References in Text

section 1988 of this title, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), (4), was in the original a reference to section 2 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (42 U.S.C. 1988), and has been translated as reading section 722 of the Revised Statutes of the United States to reflect the probable intent of Congress. section 2 of the Revised Statutes, which defined the term “county”, was repealed and reenacted as section 2 of Title 1, General Provisions, by act July 30, 1947, ch. 388, 61 Stat. 633, 640.

Amendments

2013—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 113–4 inserted “or the commission of a sexual act (as defined in section 2246 of title 18)” before period at end. 1996—Pub. L. 104–134 amended section generally, substituting provisions relating to suits by prisoners, consisting of subsecs. (a) to (h), for former provisions relating to exhaustion of remedies, consisting of subsecs. (a) to (d). 1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322, § 20416(a)(1), substituted “exceed 180 days” for “exceed ninety days” in par. (1) and inserted before period at end of par. (2) “or are otherwise fair and effective”. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–322, § 20416(a)(2), inserted “or are otherwise fair and effective” before period at end of par. (1) and “or is no longer fair and effective” before period at end of par. (2).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

of 1994 Amendment Pub. L. 103–322, title II, § 20416(b), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1834, provided that: “The

Amendments

made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 13, 1994].” Nondisclosure of Information in Actions Brought by Prisoners Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 101(b) [title I, § 127], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–50, 2681–74, provided that: “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in any action brought by a prisoner under section 1979 of the Revised Statutes (42 U.S.C. 1983) against a Federal, State, or local jail, prison, or correctional facility, or any employee or former employee thereof, arising out of the incarceration of that prisoner— “(1) the financial records of a person employed or formerly employed by the Federal, State, or local jail, prison, or correctional facility, shall not be subject to disclosure without the written consent of that person or pursuant to a court order, unless a verdict of liability has been entered against that person; and “(2) the home address, home phone number, social security number, identity of family members, personal tax returns, and personal banking information of a person described in paragraph (1), and any other records or information of a similar nature relating to that person, shall not be subject to disclosure without the written consent of that person, or pursuant to a court order.” [Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 101(b) [title I, § 127], set out above, applicable to fiscal year 2000 and thereafter, see Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(1) [title I, § 109], set out as an Applicability of Provisions Relating to Use of Counterterrorism Appropriations and Nondisclosure of Information in Actions Brought by Prisoners note under section 524 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.]

§1997e Suits by Prisoners

Summary

Title 42, §1997e

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Amendments

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Amendments

Citations & Metadata