42 U.S.C. § 300j–18: Drinking water studies

Summary

The Administrator must run ongoing studies to find groups of people who may be more likely than others to get sick from contaminants in drinking water. The studies must look at infants, children, pregnant women, the elderly, people with serious past illnesses, and any other identifiable groups to see if they face higher risks, including cancer. The Administrator must report the results to Congress within 4 years after August 6, 1996, and update Congress when important new information appears. The Administrator must also run biomedical studies to learn how chemicals are taken into, moved around, changed, and removed from the body; to learn how contaminants cause harm and why effects differ among people and between animals and humans; and to develop ways to study mixtures of chemicals and microbes and how they might interact. Within 180 days after August 6, 1996, and after consulting other federal agencies, the Administrator must start studies to support the Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, the Disinfectant and Disinfection Byproducts Rule, and the Ground Water Disinfection Rule. Those studies must include toxicology and, if needed, epidemiology on developmental and other toxic effects and cancer from disinfectants and byproducts, and must develop dose-response curves for pathogens including cryptosporidium and the Norwalk virus. Congress authorized $12,500,000 for each fiscal year 1997–2003 for these studies. The CDC Director and the Administrator must also run pilot waterborne disease studies in at least 5 major U.S. communities within 2 years after August 6, 1996, report findings and a national estimate within 5 years, start a national training and public education campaign, and may use up to $3,000,000 per year for fiscal years 1997–2001 (with up to $2,000,000 from a reserve if needed and transferable to CDC).

Title 42, §300j–18

The Public Health and Welfare, Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)Subpopulations at greater risk

(1)In general

The Administrator shall conduct a continuing program of studies to identify groups within the general population that may be at greater risk than the general population of adverse health effects from exposure to contaminants in drinking water. The study shall examine whether and to what degree infants, children, pregnant women, the elderly, individuals with a history of serious illness, or other subpopulations that can be identified and characterized are likely to experience elevated health risks, including risks of cancer, from contaminants in drinking water.

(2)Report

Not later than 4 years after August 6, 1996, and periodically thereafter as new and significant information becomes available, the Administrator shall report to the Congress on the results of the studies.

(b)Biological mechanisms

The Administrator shall conduct biomedical studies to—

(1)understand the mechanisms by which chemical contaminants are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the human body, so as to develop more accurate physiologically based models of the phenomena;

(2)understand the effects of contaminants and the mechanisms by which the contaminants cause adverse effects (especially noncancer and infectious effects) and the variations in the effects among humans, especially subpopulations at greater risk of adverse effects, and between test animals and humans; and

(3)develop new approaches to the study of complex mixtures, such as mixtures found in drinking water, especially to determine the prospects for synergistic or antagonistic interactions that may affect the shape of the dose-response relationship of the individual chemicals and microbes, and to examine noncancer endpoints and infectious diseases, and susceptible individuals and subpopulations.

(c)Studies on harmful substances in drinking water

(1)Development of studies

The Administrator shall, not later than 180 days after August 6, 1996, and after consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of Agriculture, and, as appropriate, the heads of other Federal agencies, conduct the studies described in paragraph (2) to support the development and implementation of the most current version of each of the following:

(A)Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (59 Fed. Reg. 38832 (July 29, 1994)).

(B)Disinfectant and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (59 Fed. Reg. 38668 (July 29, 1994)).

(C)Ground Water Disinfection Rule (availability of draft summary announced at (57 Fed. Reg. 33960; July 31, 1992)).

(2)Contents of studies

The studies required by paragraph (1) shall include, at a minimum, each of the following:

(A)Toxicological studies and, if warranted, epidemiological studies to determine what levels of exposure from disinfectants and disinfection byproducts, if any, may be associated with developmental and birth defects and other potential toxic end points.

(B)Toxicological studies and, if warranted, epidemiological studies to quantify the carcinogenic potential from exposure to disinfection byproducts resulting from different disinfectants.

(C)The development of dose-response curves for pathogens, including cryptosporidium and the Norwalk virus.

(3)Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this subsection $12,500,000 for each of fiscal years 1997 through 2003.

(d)Waterborne disease occurrence study

(1)System

The Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Administrator shall jointly—

(A)within 2 years after August 6, 1996, conduct pilot waterborne disease occurrence studies for at least 5 major United States communities or public water systems; and

(B)within 5 years after August 6, 1996, prepare a report on the findings of the pilot studies, and a national estimate of waterborne disease occurrence.

(2)Training and education

The Director and Administrator shall jointly establish a national health care provider training and public education campaign to inform both the professional health care provider community and the general public about waterborne disease and the symptoms that may be caused by infectious agents, including microbial contaminants. In developing such a campaign, they shall seek comment from interested groups and individuals, including scientists, physicians, State and local governments, environmental groups, public water systems, and vulnerable populations.

(3)Funding

There are authorized to be appropriated for each of the fiscal years 1997 through 2001, $3,000,000 to carry out this subsection. To the extent funds under this subsection are not fully appropriated, the Administrator may use not more than $2,000,000 of the funds from amounts reserved under section 300j–12(n) of this title for health effects studies for purposes of this subsection. The Administrator may transfer a portion of such funds to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for such purposes.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Public Health Assessment of Exposure to Perchlorate Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title III, § 323, Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1440, provided that: “(a) Epidemiological Study of Exposure to Perchlorate.—The Secretary of Defense shall provide for an independent epidemiological study of exposure to perchlorate in drinking water. The entity conducting the study shall—“(1) assess the incidence of thyroid disease and measurable effects of thyroid function in relation to exposure to perchlorate; “(2) ensure that the study is of sufficient scope and scale to permit the making of meaningful conclusions of the measurable public health threat associated with exposure to perchlorate, especially the threat to sensitive subpopulations; and “(3) examine thyroid function, including measurements of urinary iodine and thyroid hormone levels, in a sufficient number of pregnant women, neonates, and infants exposed to perchlorate in drinking water and match measurements of perchlorate levels in the drinking water of each study participant in order to permit the development of meaningful conclusions on the public health threat to individuals exposed to perchlorate. “(b) Review of Effects of Perchlorate on Endocrine System.—The Secretary shall provide for an independent review of the effects of perchlorate on the human endocrine system. The entity conducting the review shall assess—“(1) available data on human exposure to perchlorate, including clinical data and data on exposure of sensitive subpopulations, and the levels at which health effects were observed; and “(2) available data on other substances that have endocrine effects similar to perchlorate to which the public is frequently exposed. “(c) Performance of Study and Review.—(1) The Secretary shall provide for the performance of the study under subsection (a) through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, or another Federal entity with experience in environmental toxicology selected by the Secretary. “(2) The Secretary shall provide for the performance of the review under subsection (b) through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, or another appropriate Federal research entity with experience in human endocrinology selected by the Secretary. The Secretary shall ensure that the panel conducting the review is composed of individuals with expertise in human endocrinology. “(d) Reporting Requirements.—Not later than June 1, 2005, the Federal entities conducting the study and review under this section shall submit to the Secretary reports containing the results of the study and review.”

§300j–18 Drinking Water Studies

Summary

Title 42, §300j–18

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Citations & Metadata