§20144 — Title 51 National and Commercial Space Programs | U.S. Code

Summary

The agency can run contests that award cash prizes to encourage new ideas and prototypes for space and aviation research and technology. It must pick topics after wide consultation inside and outside government and may use advisory panels. Examples of goals to consider include powering the Moon from space solar power, finding and deflecting near‑Earth objects, and improving aviation safety and efficiency. Contests must be widely advertised, and the agency must publish a Federal Register notice saying what the contest is about, the rules to enter, the prize amount, and how winners will be chosen. To win, people or companies must register, follow the rules, be U.S. citizens or permanent residents (or U.S.‑incorporated businesses with a main U.S. office), and not be a federal entity or federal employee acting on the job. Participants must accept risks and give up claims against the government except for intentional wrongdoing (willful misconduct). They must carry insurance or show financial responsibility in amounts the agency sets, covering third‑party injury or damage (with the government added as an insured) and damage to government property. The agency will use outside judges and cannot pick judges who have personal, family, or financial ties to entrants. A private nonprofit can help run a contest. Prizes can come from federal or private funds and from other federal agencies, but donors get no special treatment. Prize funds stay available until spent and generally cannot be moved to other uses until 10 fiscal years after the year they were appropriated. No contest can be announced until the prize money is fully funded in law or committed in writing. Prize amounts can be raised only after notice and funding are secured. No single prize may exceed $50,000,000 unless 30 days after written notice to specific congressional committees have passed, and no contest may award more than $1,000,000 in cash prizes without the agency head’s approval. Use of the agency’s name or insignia needs prior written permission. The government is not responsible for participants’ compliance with other federal laws such as licensing, export controls, or non‑proliferation rules.

Title 51, §20144

National and Commercial Space Programs — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)The Administration may carry out a program to competitively award cash prizes to stimulate innovation in basic and applied research, technology development, and prototype demonstration that have the potential for application to the performance of the space and aeronautical activities of the Administration. The Administration may carry out a program to award prizes only in conformity with this section.

(b)In selecting topics for prize competitions, the Administrator shall consult widely both within and outside the Federal Government, and may empanel advisory committees. The Administrator shall give consideration to prize goals such as the demonstration of the ability to provide energy to the lunar surface from space-based solar power systems, demonstration of innovative near-Earth object survey and deflection strategies, and innovative approaches to improving the safety and efficiency of aviation systems.

(c)The Administrator shall widely advertise prize competitions to encourage participation.

(d)For each prize competition, the Administrator shall publish a notice in the Federal Register announcing the subject of the competition, the rules for being eligible to participate in the competition, the amount of the prize, and the basis on which a winner will be selected.

(e)To be eligible to win a prize under this section, an individual or entity—

(1)shall have registered to participate in the competition pursuant to any rules promulgated by the Administrator under subsection (d);

(2)shall have complied with all the requirements under this section;

(3)in the case of a private entity, shall be incorporated in and maintain a primary place of business in the United States, and in the case of an individual, whether participating singly or in a group, shall be a citizen or permanent resident of the United States; and

(4)shall not be a Federal entity or Federal employee acting within the scope of their employment.

(f)(1)Registered participants must agree to assume any and all risks and waive claims against the Federal Government and its related entities, except in the case of willful misconduct, for any injury, death, damage, or loss of property, revenue, or profits, whether direct, indirect, or consequential, arising from their participation in a competition, whether such injury, death, damage, or loss arises through negligence or otherwise. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term “related entity” means a contractor or subcontractor at any tier, and a supplier, user, customer, cooperating party, grantee, investigator, or detailee.

(2)Participants must obtain liability insurance or demonstrate financial responsibility, in amounts determined by the Administrator, for claims by—

(A)a third party for death, bodily injury, or property damage, or loss resulting from an activity carried out in connection with participation in a competition, with the Federal Government named as an additional insured under the registered participant’s insurance policy and registered participants agreeing to indemnify the Federal Government against third party claims for damages arising from or related to competition activities; and

(B)the Federal Government for damage or loss to Government property resulting from such an activity.

(g)For each competition, the Administration, either directly or through an agreement under subsection (h), shall assemble a panel of qualified judges to select the winner or winners of the prize competition on the basis described pursuant to subsection (d). Judges for each competition shall include individuals from outside the Administration, including from the private sector. A judge may not—

(1)have personal or financial interests in, or be an employee, officer, director, or agent of any entity that is a registered participant in a competition; or

(2)have a familial or financial relationship with an individual who is a registered participant.

(h)The Administrator may enter into an agreement with a private, nonprofit entity to administer the prize competition, subject to the provisions of this section.

(i)(1)Prizes under this section may consist of Federal appropriated funds and funds provided by the private sector for such cash prizes. The Administrator may accept funds from other Federal agencies for such cash prizes. The Administrator may not give any special consideration to any private sector entity in return for a donation.

(2)(A)In this paragraph, the term “provisions known as the Anti-Deficiency Act” means section 1341, 1342, 1349(a), 1350, 1351, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, and 1519 of title 31.

(B)Notwithstanding any other provision of law, funds appropriated for prize awards under this section shall remain available until expended, and may be transferred, reprogrammed, or expended for other purposes only after the expiration of 10 fiscal years after the fiscal year for which the funds were originally appropriated. No provision in this section permits obligation or payment of funds in violation of the provisions known as the Anti-Deficiency Act.

(3)(A)No prize may be announced under subsection (d) until all the funds needed to pay out the announced amount of the prize have been appropriated or committed in writing by a private source.

(B)The Administrator may increase the amount of a prize after an initial announcement is made under subsection (d) if—

(i)notice of the increase is provided in the same manner as the initial notice of the prize; and

(ii)the funds needed to pay out the announced amount of the increase have been appropriated or committed in writing by a private source.

(4)No prize competition under this section may offer a prize in an amount greater than $50,000,000 unless 30 days have elapsed after written notice has been transmitted to the Committee on Science and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate.

(5)No prize competition under this section may result in the award of more than $1,000,000 in cash prizes without the approval of the Administrator.

(j)A registered participant in a competition under this section may use the Administration’s name, initials, or insignia only after prior review and written approval by the Administration.

(k)The Federal Government shall not, by virtue of offering or providing a prize under this section, be responsible for compliance by registered participants in a prize competition with Federal law, including licensing, export control, and non-proliferation laws, and related regulations.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Amendment Not Shown in TextThis section was derived from section 2459f–1 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, which was amended by Pub. L. 111–358, title I, § 105(b), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3993. For applicability of this amendment to this section, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a Transitional and

Savings Provision

s note preceding section 10101 of this title. Former section 2459f–1 of Title 42 was amended by striking out “The Administration may carry out a program to award prizes only in conformity with this section.”

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised SectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 2014442 U.S.C. 2459f–1.Pub. L. 85–568, title III, § 314, as added Pub. L. 109–155, title I, § 104, Dec. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2910; Pub. L. 110–422, title XI, § 1105(b), Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4809. In subsection (i)(2), subparagraph (A) is added, and the words “provisions known as the Anti-Deficiency Act” are substituted for “the Anti-Deficiency Act (31 U.S.C. 1341)”, for clarity. In subsection (i)(4), the words “Committee on Science and Technology” are substituted for “Committee on Science” on authority of Rule X(1)(o) of the Rules of the House of Representatives, adopted by House Resolution No. 6 (110th Congress, January 5, 2007).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on Science and Technology of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Jan. 5, 2011. Availability of Funds Pub. L. 118–42, div. C, title III, Mar. 9, 2024, 138 Stat. 160, provided that: “Funds for any announced prize otherwise authorized shall remain available, without fiscal year limitation, until a prize is claimed or the offer is withdrawn.” Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts: Pub. L. 117–328, div. B, title III, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 4548. Pub. L. 117–103, div. B, title III, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 138. Pub. L. 116–260, div. B, title III, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1270. Pub. L. 116–93, div. B, title III, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2419. Pub. L. 116–6, div. C, title III, Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 123. Pub. L. 115–141, div. B, title III, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 431. Purpose Pub. L. 110–422, title XI, § 1105(a), Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4809, provided that: “Prizes can play a useful role in encouraging innovation in the development of technologies and products that can assist NASA [National Aeronautics and Space Administration] in its aeronautics and space activities, and the use of such prizes by NASA should be encouraged.”

§20144 Prize Authority