Title 17CopyrightsRelease 119-73

§121A Limitations on exclusive rights: reproduction for blind or other people with disabilities in Marrakesh Treaty countries

Title 17 › Chapter CHAPTER 1— - SUBJECT MATTER AND SCOPE OF COPYRIGHT › § 121A

Last updated Apr 6, 2026|Official source

Summary

Authorized groups may send copies or sound recordings of already-published books or music written as text or notation in accessible formats to other countries without it being a copyright violation, as long as the shipment goes to either an authorized group or to an eligible person in a country that joined the Marrakesh Treaty. Authorized groups and eligible persons may also bring such accessible copies into the United States without it being a copyright violation. When doing this, an authorized group must have and follow reasonable practices to check who is eligible; keep distribution only to eligible people and other authorized groups; try to prevent illegal copying; handle and record the copies carefully while protecting privacy; and publish the titles and formats they have and the policies and partners they use for cross-border sharing. This does not create a new right to sue, does not let a federal agency regulate these activities, and does not limit other activities allowed under copyright law. Definitions: "accessible format" = formats usable by people with print disabilities; "authorized entity" = an organization that helps eligible people; "eligible person" = someone who has a qualifying print disability. The Marrakesh Treaty named here is the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works by Visually Impaired Persons and Persons with Print Disabilities, concluded at Marrakesh, Morocco, on June 28, 2013.

Full Legal Text

Title 17, §121A

Copyrights — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106 and 602, it is not an infringement of copyright for an authorized entity, acting pursuant to this section, to export copies or phonorecords of a previously published literary work or of a previously published musical work that has been fixed in the form of text or notation in accessible formats to another country when the exportation is made either to—
(1)an authorized entity located in a country that is a Party to the Marrakesh Treaty; or
(2)an eligible person in a country that is a Party to the Marrakesh Treaty,
(b)Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106 and 602, it is not an infringement of copyright for an authorized entity or an eligible person, or someone acting on behalf of an eligible person, acting pursuant to this section, to import copies or phonorecords of a previously published literary work or of a previously published musical work that has been fixed in the form of text or notation in accessible formats.
(c)In conducting activities under subsection (a) or (b), an authorized entity shall establish and follow its own practices, in keeping with its particular circumstances, to—
(1)establish that the persons the authorized entity serves are eligible persons;
(2)limit to eligible persons and authorized entities the distribution of accessible format copies by the authorized entity;
(3)discourage the reproduction and distribution of unauthorized copies;
(4)maintain due care in, and records of, the handling of copies of works by the authorized entity, while respecting the privacy of eligible persons on an equal basis with others; and
(5)facilitate effective cross-border exchange of accessible format copies by making publicly available—
(A)the titles of works for which the authorized entity has accessible format copies or phonorecords and the specific accessible formats in which they are available; and
(B)information on the policies, practices, and authorized entity partners of the authorized entity for the cross-border exchange of accessible format copies.
(d)Nothing in this section shall be construed to establish—
(1)a cause of action under this title; or
(2)a basis for regulation by any Federal agency.
(e)Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit the ability to engage in any activity otherwise permitted under this title.
(f)For purposes of this section—
(1)the terms “accessible format”, “authorized entity”, and “eligible person” have the meanings given those terms in section 121; and
(2)the term “Marrakesh Treaty” means the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works by Visually Impaired Persons and Persons with Print Disabilities concluded at Marrakesh, Morocco, on June 28, 2013.

Reference

Citations & Metadata

Citation

17 U.S.C. § 121A

Title 17Copyrights

Last Updated

Apr 6, 2026

Release point: 119-73