§3521 — Title 18 Crimes and Criminal Procedure | U.S. Code

Summary

The Attorney General can move and protect a federal or state witness or a possible witness when they are involved in a case about organized crime or another serious offense and the Attorney General thinks a violent crime or similar dangerous offense is likely. The Attorney General can also protect a witness’s immediate family or someone closely connected if they might be in danger. The Attorney General must create rules about what kinds of cases qualify. The United States and its workers cannot be sued for choosing to provide or not provide this protection. When someone is protected, the Attorney General must do what is needed to keep that person safe and to protect their health and well‑being for as long as the danger exists. The program can provide things like new identity documents, housing, help moving belongings, living payments, job help, and other services to help the person become self‑supporting; it can also keep or refuse to reveal the person’s identity or location and change how registration rules apply. Payments can be reduced to pay state-ordered family support. Anyone who secretly reveals protected identity information can be fined $5,000 or jailed five years, or both. Before giving protection, the Attorney General will check the person’s suitability (including criminal history and a psychological check) and write an assessment of the case and community risk, and may refuse protection if public risk is greater than the need for the person’s testimony. The protected person must sign an agreement to meet listed responsibilities (for example, to testify, not commit crimes, disclose custody or parole matters and, if on state probation or parole, consent to federal supervision under section 3522). A separate written agreement must be signed for each person age eighteen or older. Temporary protection may be given if danger is imminent, but the written checks and agreement must follow without undue delay. The Attorney General may stop protection for serious breaches or false statements, must give notice, and that decision cannot be reviewed by a court. The Attorney General may let certain senior Justice Department officials initially authorize protection.

Title 18, §3521

Crimes and Criminal Procedure — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)(1)The Attorney General may provide for the relocation and other protection of a witness or a potential witness for the Federal Government or for a State government in an official proceeding concerning an organized criminal activity or other serious offense, if the Attorney General determines that an offense involving a crime of violence directed at the witness with respect to that proceeding, an offense set forth in chapter 73 of this title directed at the witness, or a State offense that is similar in nature to either such offense, is likely to be committed. The Attorney General may also provide for the relocation and other protection of the immediate family of, or a person otherwise closely associated with, such witness or potential witness if the family or person may also be endangered on account of the participation of the witness in the judicial proceeding.

(2)The Attorney General shall issue guidelines defining the types of cases for which the exercise of the authority of the Attorney General contained in paragraph (1) would be appropriate.

(3)The United States and its officers and employees shall not be subject to any civil liability on account of any decision to provide or not to provide protection under this chapter.

(b)(1)In connection with the protection under this chapter of a witness, a potential witness, or an immediate family member or close associate of a witness or potential witness, the Attorney General shall take such action as the Attorney General determines to be necessary to protect the person involved from bodily injury and otherwise to assure the health, safety, and welfare of that person, including the psychological well-being and social adjustment of that person, for as long as, in the judgment of the Attorney General, the danger to that person exists. The Attorney General may, by regulation—

(A)provide suitable documents to enable the person to establish a new identity or otherwise protect the person;

(B)provide housing for the person;

(C)provide for the transportation of household furniture and other personal property to a new residence of the person;

(D)provide to the person a payment to meet basic living expenses, in a sum established in accordance with regulations issued by the Attorney General, for such times as the Attorney General determines to be warranted;

(E)assist the person in obtaining employment;

(F)provide other services necessary to assist the person in becoming self-sustaining;

(G)disclose or refuse to disclose the identity or location of the person relocated or protected, or any other matter concerning the person or the program after weighing the danger such a disclosure would pose to the person, the detriment it would cause to the general effectiveness of the program, and the benefit it would afford to the public or to the person seeking the disclosure, except that the Attorney General shall, upon the request of State or local law enforcement officials or pursuant to a court order, without undue delay, disclose to such officials the identity, location, criminal records, and fingerprints relating to the person relocated or protected when the Attorney General knows or the request indicates that the person is under investigation for or has been arrested for or charged with an offense that is punishable by more than one year in prison or that is a crime of violence;

(H)protect the confidentiality of the identity and location of persons subject to registration requirements as convicted offenders under Federal or State law, including prescribing alternative procedures to those otherwise provided by Federal or State law for registration and tracking of such persons; and

(I)exempt procurement for services, materials, and supplies, and the renovation and construction of safe sites within existing buildings from other provisions of law as may be required to maintain the security of protective witnesses and the integrity of the Witness Security Program.

(2)Deductions shall be made from any payment made to a person pursuant to paragraph (1)(D) to satisfy obligations of that person for family support payments pursuant to a State court order.

(3)Any person who, without the authorization of the Attorney General, knowingly discloses any information received from the Attorney General under paragraph (1)(G) shall be fined $5,000 or imprisoned five years, or both.

(c)Before providing protection to any person under this chapter, the Attorney General shall, to the extent practicable, obtain information relating to the suitability of the person for inclusion in the program, including the criminal history, if any, and a psychological evaluation of, the person. The Attorney General shall also make a written assessment in each case of the seriousness of the investigation or case in which the person’s information or testimony has been or will be provided and the possible risk of danger to other persons and property in the community where the person is to be relocated and shall determine whether the need for that person’s testimony outweighs the risk of danger to the public. In assessing whether a person should be provided protection under this chapter, the Attorney General shall consider the person’s criminal record, alternatives to providing protection under this chapter, the possibility of securing similar testimony from other sources, the need for protecting the person, the relative importance of the person’s testimony, results of psychological examinations, whether providing such protection will substantially infringe upon the relationship between a child who would be relocated in connection with such protection and that child’s parent who would not be so relocated, and such other factors as the Attorney General considers appropriate. The Attorney General shall not provide protection to any person under this chapter if the risk of danger to the public, including the potential harm to innocent victims, outweighs the need for that person’s testimony. This subsection shall not be construed to authorize the disclosure of the written assessment made pursuant to this subsection.

(d)(1)Before providing protection to any person under this chapter, the Attorney General shall enter into a memorandum of understanding with that person. Each such memorandum of understanding shall set forth the responsibilities of that person, including—

(A)the agreement of the person, if a witness or potential witness, to testify in and provide information to all appropriate law enforcement officials concerning all appropriate proceedings;

(B)the agreement of the person not to commit any crime;

(C)the agreement of the person to take all necessary steps to avoid detection by others of the facts concerning the protection provided to that person under this chapter;

(D)the agreement of the person to comply with legal obligations and civil judgments against that person;

(E)the agreement of the person to cooperate with all reasonable requests of officers and employees of the Government who are providing protection under this chapter;

(F)the agreement of the person to designate another person to act as agent for the service of process;

(G)the agreement of the person to make a sworn statement of all outstanding legal obligations, including obligations concerning child custody and visitation;

(H)the agreement of the person to disclose any probation or parole responsibilities, and if the person is on probation or parole under State law, to consent to Federal supervision in accordance with section 3522 of this title; and

(I)the agreement of the person to regularly inform the appropriate program official of the activities and current address of such person.

(2)The Attorney General shall enter into a separate memorandum of understanding pursuant to this subsection with each person protected under this chapter who is eighteen years of age or older. The memorandum of understanding shall be signed by the Attorney General and the person protected.

(3)The Attorney General may delegate the responsibility initially to authorize protection under this chapter only to the Deputy Attorney General, to the Associate Attorney General, to any Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Criminal Division or National Security Division of the Department of Justice, to the Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice (insofar as the delegation relates to a criminal civil rights case), and to one other officer or employee of the Department of Justice.

(e)If the Attorney General determines that harm to a person for whom protection may be provided under section 3521 of this title is imminent or that failure to provide immediate protection would otherwise seriously jeopardize an ongoing investigation, the Attorney General may provide temporary protection to such person under this chapter before making the written assessment and determination required by subsection (c) of this section or entering into the memorandum of understanding required by subsection (d) of this section. In such a case the Attorney General shall make such assessment and determination and enter into such memorandum of understanding without undue delay after the protection is initiated.

(f)The Attorney General may terminate the protection provided under this chapter to any person who substantially breaches the memorandum of understanding entered into between the Attorney General and that person pursuant to subsection (d), or who provides false information concerning the memorandum of understanding or the circumstances pursuant to which the person was provided protection under this chapter, including information with respect to the nature and circumstances concerning child custody and visitation. Before terminating such protection, the Attorney General shall send notice to the person involved of the termination of the protection provided under this chapter and the reasons for the termination. The decision of the Attorney General to terminate such protection shall not be subject to judicial review.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2006—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 109–177 substituted “to any Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Criminal Division or National Security Division of the Department of Justice” for “to the Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice”. 1997—Subsec. (b)(1)(H), (I). Pub. L. 105–119 added subpar. (H) and redesignated former subpar. (H) as (I). 1990—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 101–647, § 3582(1), inserted “(G)” after “subparagraph” in last sentence. Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 101–647, § 3582(2), inserted “the” before “Civil Rights Division”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

of 1997 Amendment Pub. L. 105–119, title I, § 115(c), Nov. 26, 1997, 111 Stat. 2467, provided that: “This section [amending this section, section 3563, 3583, 4042, and 4209 of this title, and section 14071 and 14072 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 951 of Title 10, Armed Forces, and section 14039 of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 14071 of Title 42] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 26, 1997], except that— “(1) subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of subsection (a)(8) [amending section 3563, 3583, 4042, and 4209 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 951 of Title 10] shall take effect 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act; and “(2) States shall have 3 years from such date of enactment to implement

Amendments

made by this Act [probably should be “this section”] which impose new requirements under the [former] Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act [42 U.S.C. 14071 et seq.], and the Attorney General may grant an additional 2 years to a State that is making good faith efforts to implement these

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.”

Effective Date

Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 1210, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2163, provided that: “This subpart [subpart A (§§ 1207–1210) of part F of chapter XII of title II of Pub. L. 98–473, see

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note below] and the

Amendments

made by this subpart shall take effect on October 1, 1984.”

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Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 1207, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2153, provided that: “This subpart [subpart A (§§ 1207–1210) of part F of chapter XII of title II of Pub. L. 98–473, enacting this chapter, repealing provisions set out as a note preceding section 3481 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Witness Security Reform Act of 1984’.”

§3521 Witness relocation and protection

Summary

Title 18, §3521

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