§6501 Limitations on assessment and collection

2025—Subsecs. (o), (p). Pub. L. 119–21 added subsec. (o) and redesignated former subsec. (o) as (p). 2024—Subsecs. (n), (o). Pub. L. 118–168 added subsec. (n) and redesignated former subsec. (n) as (o). 2022—Subsec. (l)(4). Pub. L. 117–328 added par. (4). Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 117–169 substituted “30D(f)(6)” for “30D(e)(4)”. 2018—Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 115–141, § 205(b), struck out “in this section” after “time prescribed”. Subsec. (c)(12). Pub. L. 115–141, § 201(b)(2), added par. (12). Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(a)(295), substituted “any election under section 30B(h)(9), 30C(e)(4), 30D(e)(4), 35(g)(11), 40(f), 43, 45B, 45C(d)(4), 45H(g), or 51(j)” for “any election under 30B(h)(9), 30C(e)(5), 30D(e)(4), 35(g)(11), 40(f), 43, 45B, 45C(d)(4), 45H(g), 45S(h), or 51(j)”. 2017—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 115–97 inserted “45S(h),” after “45H(g),”. 2015—Subsec. (e)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 114–41, § 2005(a)(1), added cl. (ii). Former cl. (ii) redesignated (iii). Subsec. (e)(1)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 114–41 redesignated cl. (ii) as (iii) and inserted “(other than in the case of an overstatement of unrecovered cost or other basis)” after “In determining the amount omitted from gross income”. Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 114–27 inserted “, 35(g)(11)” after “30D(e)(4)”. Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 114–74 substituted “Cross reference” for “Cross references” in heading, struck out par. (1) designation before “For period of limitations”, and struck out pars. (2) and (3) which read as follows: “(2) For extension of period in the case of partnership items (as defined in section 6231(a)(3)), see section 6229. “(3) For declaratory judgment relating to treatment of items other than partnership items with respect to an oversheltered return, see section 6234.” 2014—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 113–295 struck out “section 30(e)(6),” before “30B(h)(9),”. 2010—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 111–147, § 501(c)(2), inserted “4,” after “chapter 3,”. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 111–147, § 501(c)(3), substituted “and withholding taxes” for “taxes and tax imposed by chapter 3” in heading and inserted “4,” after “chapter 3,” in text. Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 111–226 designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted heading, and added subpar. (B). Pub. L. 111–147, § 513(b), (c), substituted “pursuant to an election under section 1295(b) or under section 1298(f), 6038, 6038A, 6038B, 6038D,” for “under section 6038, 6038A, 6038B,” and “tax return, event,” for “event”. Subsec. (c)(11). Pub. L. 111–237 added par. (11). Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 111–147, § 513(a)(1), added subpar. (A). Former subpar. (A) redesignated (B). Subsec. (e)(1)(B). Pub. L. 111–147, § 513(a)(2)(A), substituted “Determination of gross income” for “General rule” in heading and “For purposes of subparagraph (A)” for “If the taxpayer omits from gross income an amount properly includible therein which is in excess of 25 percent of the amount of gross income stated in the return, the tax may be assessed, or a proceeding in court for the collection of such tax may be begun without assessment, at any time within 6 years after the return was filed. For purposes of this subparagraph” in introductory provisions. Pub. L. 111–147, § 513(a)(1), redesignated subpar. (A) as (B). Former subpar. (B) redesignated (C). Subsec. (e)(1)(C). Pub. L. 111–147, § 513(a)(1), redesignated subpar. (B) as (C). 2009—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 111–5, § 1142(b)(7), substituted “section 30(e)(6)” for “section 30(d)(4)”. Pub. L. 111–5, § 1141(b)(4), which directed amendment of subsec. (m) by substituting “section 30D(e)(4)” for “section 30D(e)(9)”, was executed by substituting “30D(e)(4)” for “30D(e)(9)”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. 2008—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 110–343, § 402(d), substituted “foreign oil and gas taxes” for “oil and gas extraction taxes”. Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 110–343, § 205(d)(3), inserted “30D(e)(9),” after “30C(e)(5),”. 2007—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 110–172 inserted “45H(g),” after “45C(d)(4),”. 2005—Subsec. (c)(10)(B). Pub. L. 109–135 struck out “(as defined in section 6111)” after “material advisor”. Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1342(b)(4), inserted “30C(e)(5),” after “30B(h)(9),”. Pub. L. 109–58, § 1341(b)(4), inserted “30B(h)(9),” after “30(d)(4),”. 2004—Subsec. (c)(10). Pub. L. 108–357, § 814(a), added par. (10). Subsec. (e)(1)(B). Pub. L. 108–357, § 413(c)(28), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “If the taxpayer omits from gross income an amount properly includible therein under section 551(b) (relating to the inclusion in the gross income of United States shareholders of their distributive shares of the undistributed foreign personal holding company income), the tax may be assessed, or a proceeding in court for the collection of such tax may be begun without assessment, at any time within 6 years after the return was filed.” 1998—Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3461(b), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted heading, and added subpar. (B). Subsec. (c)(9). Pub. L. 105–206, § 6007(e)(2)(A), struck out at end “The value of any item which is so disclosed may not be redetermined by the Secretary after the expiration of the period under subsection (a).” Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 105–206, § 6023(27), substituted “election under section 30(d)(4), 40(f), 43, 45B, 45C(d)(4), or 51(j) (or any” for “election under section 30(d)(4), 40(f), 43, 45B, or 51(j) (or any”. 1997—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1284(a), inserted at end “For purposes of this chapter, the term ‘return’ means the return required to be filed by the taxpayer (and does not include a return of any person from whom the taxpayer has received an item of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit).” Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1145(a), amended heading and text of par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “In the case of any tax imposed on any exchange or distribution by reason of subsection (a), (d), or (e) of section 367, the time for assessment of such tax shall not expire before the date which is 3 years after the date on which the Secretary is notified of such exchange or distribution under section 6038B(a).” Subsec. (c)(9). Pub. L. 105–34, § 506(b), reenacted par. (9) heading without change and amended text of par. (9) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “If any gift of property the value of which is determined under section 2701 or 2702 (or any increase in taxable gifts required under section 2701(d)) is required to be shown on a return of tax imposed by chapter 12 (without regard to section 2503(b)), and is not shown on such return, any tax imposed by chapter 12 on such gift may be assessed, or a proceeding in court for the collection of such tax may be begun without assessment, at any time. The preceding sentence shall not apply to any item not shown as a gift on such return if such item is disclosed in such return, or in a statement attached to the return, in a manner adequate to apprise the Secretary of the nature of such item.” Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1601(g)(2), provided that section 1703(n)(8) and 1704(j)(4)(B) of Pub. L. 104–188 shall be applied as if the reference in the directory language to the redesignation by section 1602 referred to the redesignation by section 1702. See 1996 Amendment note below. Subsec. (n)(3). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1239(e)(2), which directed the addition of par. (3) to subsec. (o), was executed by adding par. (3) to subsec. (n) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the redesignation of subsec. (o) as (n) by Pub. L. 104–188, § 1702(e)(3)(A). See 1996 Amendment note below. 1996—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 104–188, § 1704(j)(4)(B), substituted “section 30(d)(4), 40(f)” for “section 40(f)”. See 1997 Amendment note above. Pub. L. 104–188, § 1703(n)(8), substituted “45B, or 51(j)” for “or 51(j)”. See 1997 Amendment note above. Pub. L. 104–188, § 1702(e)(3), redesignated subsec. (n) as (m) and substituted “section 40(f), 43, or 51(j)” for “section 40(f) or 51(j)”. Pub. L. 104–188, § 1702(e)(3)(A), which directed in part that subsec. (m) relating to deficiency attributable to election under section 44B, be struck out, could not be executed because subsec. (m) was previously repealed. See 1990 and 1988 Amendment notes for subsec. (m) and 1984 Amendment note for subsec. (p), below. Subsecs. (n), (o). Pub. L. 104–188, § 1702(e)(3)(A), redesignated subsec. (o) as (n). Former subsec. (n) redesignated (m). 1990—Subsec. (c)(9). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11602(b), added par. (9). Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11511(c)(2), which directed the substitution of “43 or 44B” for “44B” wherever appearing in subsec. (m), could not be executed because subsec. (m) was repealed by Pub. L. 100–418, § 1941(b)(2)(H), and did not contain the term “44B”. However, such term was contained in a prior subsec. (p) which was repealed by Pub. L. 98–369, § 474(r)(39). See 1984 Amendment notes below. 1989—Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 101–239 struck out “, 41(h),” after “section 40(f)”. 1988—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 100–418 struck out subsec. (m) relating to special rules for windfall profit tax. Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 100–647, § 4008(c)(2), substituted “, 41(h), or 51(j)” for “or 51(j)”. Subsec. (o)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1008(j)(1), struck out par. (3) which read as follows: “For extension of period in the case of certain contributions in aid of

, see section 118(c).” 1987—Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 100–203, § 10714(c), substituted “by section 4912, by chapter 42 (other than section 4940),” for “by chapter 42 (other than section 4940)”. Pub. L. 100–203, § 10712(c)(2), substituted “plan, trust, or other organization” for “plan, or trust”. 1986—Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(g)(3), substituted “exchange or distribution” for “exchange” in two places, and “subsection (a), (d), or (e)” for “subsection (a) or (d)”. Subsecs. (k) to (p). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1847(b)(12), inserted “(as amended by section 211, 314, and 474 of this Act)” in directory language of section 163(b)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, which resulted in no change in text but removed an ambiguity which had resulted from failure of directory language as originally enacted to indicate that

of this section by section 211, 314, and 474 of Pub. L. 98–369 were to be executed before the amendment by section 163(b)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369. See 1984 Amendment notes below. Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1847(b)(14), substituted “or a credit carryback (as defined in section 6511(d)(4)(C))” for “an investment credit carryback, or a work incentive program carryback, or a new employee credit carryback”. Subsecs. (n), (o). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1847(b)(13), added subsec. (n) and redesignated former subsec. (n) as (o). 1984—Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 98–369, § 211(b)(24)(A), redesignated par. (7) as (6) and struck out former par. (6) which provided that, in the case of any tax imposed under section 802(a) by reason of section 802(b)(3) on account of a termination of the taxpayer as an insurance company or as a life insurance company to which section 815(d)(2)(A) applied, or on account of a distribution by the taxpayer to which section 815(d)(2)(B) applied such tax could be assessed within 3 years after the return was filed (whether or not such return was filed on or after the date prescribed) for the taxable year for which the taxpayer ceased to be an insurance company, the second taxable year for which the taxpayer was not a life insurance company, or the taxable year in which the distribution was actually made, as the case might be. Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 98–369, § 447(a), added par. (7). Pub. L. 98–369, § 211(b)(24)(A), redesignated former par. (7) as (6). Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 98–369, § 131(d)(2), added par. (8). Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 98–369, § 801(d)(14), substituted “section 6011(c)(2)” for “section 6011(e)(2)”. Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 98–369, § 163(b)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 1847(b)(12), redesignated subsec. (m) as (k). Pub. L. 98–369, § 211(b)(24)(B), struck out former subsec. (k) which provided that in the case of a deficiency attributable to the application to the taxpayer of section 815(d)(5) (relating to reductions of policyholders surplus account of life insurance companies for certain unused deductions), such deficiency could be assessed at any time before the expiration of the period within which a deficiency for the last taxable year to which the loss described in section 815(d)(5)(A) was carried under section 812(b)(2) could be assessed. Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 98–369, § 163(b)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 1847(b)(12), redesignated subsec. (n) as (l) and struck out former subsec. (l) which read “For period of limitations for assessment and collection in the case of a joint income return filed after separate returns have been filed, see section 6013(b)(3) and (4).” Subsec. (l)(3). Pub. L. 98–369, § 314(a)(3), substituted “section 4942(g)(2)(B)(ii)” for “section 4942(g)(2)(B)(i)(II)” in subsec. (n)(3), which was redesignated subsec. (l)(3) by Pub. L. 98–369, § 163(b)(1). Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 98–369, § 163(b)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 1847(b)(12), redesignated subsec. (p) as (m). Former subsec. (m) redesignated (k). Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 98–369, § 163(b)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 1847(b)(12), added subsec. (n). Former subsec. (n) redesignated (l). Subsec. (n)(3). Pub. L. 98–369, § 314(a)(3), substituted “section 4942(g)(2)(B)(ii)” for “section 4942(g)(2)(B)(i)(II)” in subsec. (n)(3), which was redesignated subsec. (l)(3) by Pub. L. 98–369, § 163(b)(1). Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 98–369, § 163(b)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 1847(b)(12), struck out subsec. (o) which read “For extension of period in the case of partnership items (as defined in section 6231(a)(3), see section 6229.” Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 98–369, § 163(b)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 1847(b)(12), redesignated subsec. (p) as (m). Pub. L. 98–369, § 474(r)(39), redesignated subsec. (q) as (p). Former subsec. (p), which related to deficiencies attributable to an election under section 44B, was struck out. Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 98–369, § 474(r)(39), redesignated subsec. (q) as (p). Subsec. (q)(3). Pub. L. 98–369, § 714(p)(2)(F), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment par. (3) related to partnership items of federally registered partnerships and provided that under

prescribed by the Secretary, rules similar to the rules of subsection (o) shall apply to the tax imposed by section 4986. 1982—Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 97–248 substituted “Special rules for partnership items” for “Special rules for partnership items of federally registered partnerships” in heading and, in text, substituted cross reference to section 6229 for extension of period in case of partnership items (as defined in section 6231(a)(3)), for provisions that (1) in the case of any tax imposed by subtitle A with respect to any person, the period for assessing a deficiency attributable to any partnership item of a federally registered partnership would not expire before the later of (A) the date which was 4 years after the date on which the partnership return of the federally registered partnership for the partnership taxable year in which the item arose was filed (or, later, if the date prescribed for filing the return), or (B) if the name or address of such person did not appear on the partnership return, the date which was 1 year after the date on which such information was furnished to the Secretary in such manner and at such place as he might prescribe by

, (2) for purposes of this subsec., the term “partnership item” meant (A) any item required to be taken into account for the partnership taxable year under any provision of subchapter K of chapter 1 to the extent that

prescribed by the Secretary provided that for purposes of this subtitle such item was more appropriately determined at the partnership level than at the partner level, and (B) any other item to the extent affected by an item described in subpar. (A), (3) the extensions referred to in subsec. (c)(4), insofar as they related to partnership items, could, with respect to any person, be consented to (A) except to the extent the Secretary was otherwise notified by the partnership, by a general partner of the partnership, or (B) by any person authorized to do so by the partnership in writing, and (4) for purposes of this subsec., the term “federally registered partnership” meant, with respect to any partnership taxable year, any partnership (A) interests in which had been offered for sale at any time during such taxable year or a prior taxable year in any offering required to be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or (B) which, at any time during such taxable year or a prior taxable year, had been subject to the annual reporting requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission which related to the protection of investors in the partnership. 1980—Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 96–222, § 102(a)(2)(A), redesignated subsec. (q), as added by section 212(a) of Pub. L. 95–600, relating to special rules for partnership items of Federally registered partnerships, as (o). Former subsec. (o), relating to work incentive program credit carrybacks, was repealed by Pub. L. 95–628. Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 96–222, § 103(a)(6)(G)(X), redesignated subsec. (q), as added by section 321(b)(2) of Pub. L. 95–600, relating to deficiency attributable to election under section 44B, as (p). Former subsec. (p), relating to new employee credit carrybacks, was repealed by Pub. L. 95–628. Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 96–223 added subsec. (q). Former subsec. (q), as added by section 212(a) of Pub. L. 95–600, redesignated (o). Former subsec. (q), as added by section 321(b)(2) of Pub. L. 95–600, redesignated (p). 1978—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 95–600, § 701(t)(3)(A), substituted “43, or 44” for “or 43”, which required no change in text in view of the identical amendment by section 4(d)(4) of Pub. L. 95–227. Pub. L. 95–227, § 4(d)(4), substituted “43, or 44” for “or 43”. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 95–600, § 703(n), (p)(2), substituted “section 6213(b)(3)” for “section 6213(b)(2)” and struck out provisions relating to the assessment of a deficiency attributable to the application of a net operating loss carryback. Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 95–628, § 8(c)(1)(A), substituted in heading “Certain credit carrybacks” for “Investment credit carrybacks”, designated existing provision as par. (1), and in par. (1) as so designated, inserted heading “In general” and in text, substituted “credit carryback” for “investment credit carryback” in two places and “unused credit” for “unused investment credit”, inserted reference to other credit carryback, and substituted reference to section 6213(b)(3) for 6213(b)(2), and added par. (2). Pub. L. 95–600, § 703(n), substituted “section 6213(b)(3)” for “section 6213(b)(2)”. Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 95–628, § 8(c)(1)(B), struck out references to subsecs. (o) and (p) in two places. Pub. L. 95–600, § 504(b)(3), inserted “and refund” after “tentative carryback”. Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 95–227, § 4(d)(5), in heading inserted “and similar” after “42”, and in par. (1) inserted reference to section 4975 and inserted “, plan, or trust (as the case may be)” after “foundation”. Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 95–628, § 8(c)(1)(C), struck out subsec. (o) which related to work incentive program credit carrybacks. Pub. L. 95–600, § 703(n), substituted “section 6213(b)(3)” for “section 6213(b)(2)”. Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 95–628, § 8(c)(1)(C), struck out subsec. (p) which related to new employee credit carrybacks. Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 95–600, § 212(a), added subsec. (q) relating to special rules for partnership items of Federally registered partnerships. Pub. L. 95–600, § 321(b)(2), added subsec. (q) relating to deficiency attributable to election under section 44B. 1977—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 95–30, § 202(d)(5)(B), inserted references to new employee credit carrybacks and to subsec. (p). Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 95–30, § 202(d)(4)(A), added subsec. (p). 1976—Subsecs. (b)(3), (c)(4), (d), (e)(1)(A)(ii), (2). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” wherever appearing. Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1307(d)(2)(F)(vi), substituted “chapter 41, 42, or 43” for “chapter 42 or 43”. Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 94–455, §§ 1031(b)(5), 1035(d)(3), substituted “section 904(c)” for section 904(d)” wherever appearing and inserted “or under section 907(f) (relating to carryback and carryover of disallowed oil and gas extraction taxes)” after “excess foreign taxes)” and “or 907(f)” before “which results in such carryback”. Subsec. (n)(3). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1302(b), added par. (3). Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 94–455, § 2107(g)(2)(A), inserted “, an investment credit carryback,” after “net operating loss carryback”. 1974—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 93–406 inserted reference to chapter 43. 1971—Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 92–178, § 504(c), added par. (3). Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 92–178, § 601(e)(2), substituted “an investment credit carryback, or a work incentive program carryback” for “or an investment credit carryback” and inserted reference to subsec. (o) in two places, respectively. Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 92–178, § 601(d)(1), added subsec. (o). 1970—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 91–614 substituted “during the period for which the return was filed” for “during the year”. 1969—Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 91–172, § 101(g)(2), added par. (7). Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 91–172, § 101(g)(3), inserted provision excluding, in specified cases, chapter 42 taxes from these considered in determining the amount of taxes omitted from a return. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 91–172, § 512(e)(1)(A)–(D), substituted “loss or capital loss carrybacks” for “loss carrybacks” in heading, “loss carryback or a capital loss carryback” for “loss carryback,” “operating loss or net capital loss which” for “operating loss which,” “assessed. In the case of a deficiency attributable to the application of a net operating loss carryback, such deficiency may be assessed” for “assessed, or” and “if later than the date prescribed by the preceding sentence” for “whichever is later”. Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 91–172, § 512(e)(1)(E), substituted “loss carryback or a capital loss carryback” for “loss carryback”. Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 91–172, § 512(e)(1)(F), substituted “net operating loss carryback, a capital loss carryback, or an investment credit carryback” for “net operating loss carryback or an investment credit carryback”. Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 91–172, § 101(g)(1), added subsec. (n). 1967—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 90–225 inserted “, or, with respect to any portion of an investment credit carryback from a taxable year attributable to a net operating loss carryback from a subsequent taxable year, at any time before the expiration of the period within which a deficiency for such subsequent taxable year may be assessed” after “the unused investment credit which results in such carryback may be assessed.” 1966—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89–809 substituted “chapter 3, 21, or 24” for “chapter 21 or 24” in text of pars. (1) and (2) and inserted “and tax imposed by chapter 3” after “taxes” in par. (2) heading. Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 89–721, § 2(f), substituted “investment credit carryback (including deficiencies which may be assessed pursuant to the provisions of section 6213(b)(2))” for “investment credit carryback”. Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 89–721, § 3(a), added subsec. (m). 1965—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 89–44, § 810(a), added par. (4). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 89–44, § 810(b)(2), substituted “Substantial omission of items” for “Omission from gross income” in heading. Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 89–44, § 810(b)(1), added par. (3). 1964—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 88–272 substituted “gross income and adjusted ordinary gross income, described in section 543” for “gross income, described in section 543(a)”. Subsecs. (k), (l). Pub. L. 88–571 added subsec. (k) and redesignated former subsec. (k) as (l). 1962—Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 87–858 substituted “802(a)” for “802(a)(1)”. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 87–794 authorized assessment of a deficiency within 18 months after the date on which the taxpayer files in accordance with section 172(b)(3) a copy of the certification issued under section 317 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, whichever is later. Subsecs. (j), (k). Pub. L. 87–834 added subsec. (j) and redesignated former subsec. (j) as (k). 1960—Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 86–780 added subsec. (i) and redesignated former subsec. (i) as (j). 1959—Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 86–69 added par. (6). 1958—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85–859 substituted “at any time after such tax became due and before the expiration of 3 years after the date on which any part of such tax was paid” for “within 3 years after such tax became due”. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 85–866, § 80(a), (b), substituted in first sentence “subsection (c), (e), or (f)” for “subsection (c)”, designated existing clauses (1) to (3) of second sentence as clause (1) and added clauses (2) and (3). Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 85–866, § 81(a), substituted “organization” for “corporation” wherever appearing. Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 85–866, § 81(b), added subsec. (h) and redesignated former subsec. (h) as (i).

of 2025 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 119–21 applicable to taxable years beginning after July 4, 2025, see section 70512(l)(1) of Pub. L. 119–21, set out in a note under section 45 of this title.

of 2024 Amendment Pub. L. 118–168, § 5(b), Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2587, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to returns which are due after December 31, 2024.”

of 2022 Amendment Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, title III, § 313(b), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5349, provided that: “The

made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 29, 2022].” Amendment by Pub. L. 117–169 applicable to vehicles placed in service after Dec. 31, 2022, see section 13401(k)(1) of Pub. L. 117–169, set out in an

of 2022; Transition Rule note under section 30D of this title.

of 2018 AmendmentAmendment by section 201(b)(2) and 205(b) of Pub. L. 115–141 effective as if included in section 1101 of Pub. L. 114–74, see section 207 of Pub. L. 115–141, set out as a note under section 6031 of this title.

of 2017 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to wages paid in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 13403(e) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 38 of this title.

of 2015 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–74 applicable to returns filed for partnership taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, with certain exceptions, see section 1101(g) of Pub. L. 114–74, set out as an

note under section 6221 of this title. Pub. L. 114–41, title II, § 2005(b), July 31, 2015, 129 Stat. 457, provided that: “The

made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to— “(1) returns filed after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 31, 2015], and “(2) returns filed on or before such date if the period specified in section 6501 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (determined without regard to such

) for assessment of the taxes with respect to which such return relates has not expired as of such date.” Amendment by Pub. L. 114–27 applicable to coverage months in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2013, see section 407(f) of Pub. L. 114–27, set out as a note under section 35 of this title.

of 2014 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 113–295 effective Dec. 19, 2014, subject to a

, see section 221(b) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

of 2010 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 111–237 applicable to restitution ordered after Aug. 16, 2010, see section 3(c) of Pub. L. 111–237, set out as a note under section 6201 of this title. Pub. L. 111–226, title II, § 218(b), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2403, provided that: “The

made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in section 513 of the Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act [Pub. L. 111–147].” Amendment by section 501(c)(2), (3) of Pub. L. 111–147 applicable to payments made after Dec. 31, 2012, with certain exceptions, see section 501(d)(1), (2) of Pub. L. 111–147, set out as a note under section 1471 of this title. Pub. L. 111–147, title V, § 513(d), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 112, provided that: “The

made by this section [amending this section and section 6229 of this title] shall apply to— “(1) returns filed after the date of the enactment of this Act [Mar. 18, 2010]; and “(2) returns filed on or before such date if the period specified in section 6501 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (determined without regard to such

) for assessment of such taxes has not expired as of such date.”

of 2009 AmendmentAmendment by section 1141(b)(4) of Pub. L. 111–5 applicable to vehicles acquired after Dec. 31, 2009, see section 1141(c) of Pub. L. 111–5, set out as a note under section 30B of this title. Amendment by section 1142(b)(7) of Pub. L. 111–5 applicable to vehicles acquired after Feb. 17, 2009, see section 1142(c) of Pub. L. 111–5, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2009 Amendment note under section 24 of this title.

of 2008 AmendmentAmendment by section 205(d)(3) of Pub. L. 110–343 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2008, see section 205(e) of Pub. L. 110–343, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2008 Amendment note under section 24 of this title. Amendment by section 402(d) of Pub. L. 110–343 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2008, see section 402(e) of Pub. L. 110–343, set out as a note under section 907 of this title.

of 2007 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 110–172 effective as if included in the provision of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–357, to which such amendment relates, see section 7(e) of Pub. L. 110–172, set out as a note under section 1092 of this title.

of 2005

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–135 effective as if included in the provision of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–357, to which such amendment relates, see section 403(nn) of Pub. L. 109–135, set out as a note under section 26 of this title. Amendment by section 1341(b)(4) of Pub. L. 109–58 applicable to property placed in service after Dec. 31, 2005, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 1341(c) of Pub. L. 109–58, set out as an

note under section 30B of this title. Amendment by section 1342(b)(4) of Pub. L. 109–58 applicable to property placed in service after Dec. 31, 2005, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 1342(c) of Pub. L. 109–58, set out as an

note under section 30C of this title.

of 2004 AmendmentAmendment by section 413(c)(28) of Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2004, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 413(d)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2004

note under section 1 of this title. Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, § 814(b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1581, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years with respect to which the period for assessing a deficiency did not expire before the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004].”

of 1998 Amendment Pub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3461(c), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 764, provided that: “(1) In general.—The

of 1997 Amendment Pub. L. 105–34, title V, § 506(e)(2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 856, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (b) [amending this section] shall apply to gifts made in calendar years ending after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997].” Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, § 1145(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 985, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to information the due date for the reporting of which is after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997].” Pub. L. 105–34, title XII, § 1239(f), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1028, provided that: “The

made by this section [amending this section and section 6225, 6226, 6230, 6512, 7421, 7459, and 7482 of this title] shall apply to partnership taxable years ending after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997].” Pub. L. 105–34, title XII, § 1284(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1038, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997].” Amendment by section 1601(g)(2) of Pub. L. 105–34 effective as if included in the provisions of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–188, to which it relates, see section 1601(j) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.

of 1996 AmendmentAmendment by section 1702(e)(3) of Pub. L. 104–188 effective, except as otherwise expressly provided, as if included in the provision of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, to which such amendment relates, see section 1702(i) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 38 of this title. Amendment by section 1703(n)(8) of Pub. L. 104–188 effective as if included in the provision of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993, Pub. L. 103–66, §§ 13001–13444, to which such amendment relates, see section 1703(o) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 39 of this title.

of 1990 Amendment Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, § 11602(e)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–501, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (b) [amending this section] shall apply to gifts after October 8, 1990.”

of 1989 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

of 1988

Amendment by section 1008(j)(1) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title. Amendment by section 4008(c)(2) of Pub. L. 100–647 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1988, see section 4008(d) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 41 of this title. Amendment by Pub. L. 100–418 applicable to crude oil removed from premises on or after Aug. 23, 1988, see section 1941(c) of Pub. L. 100–418, set out as a note under section 164 of this title.

of 1987 AmendmentAmendment by section 10712(c)(2) of Pub. L. 100–203 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 22, 1987, see section 10712(d) of Pub. L. 100–203, set out as an

note under section 4955 of this title. Amendment by section 10714(c) of Pub. L. 100–203 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 22, 1987, see section 10714(e) of Pub. L. 100–203, set out as an

note under section 4912 of this title.

of 1986 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.

of 1984 AmendmentAmendment by section 131(d)(2) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to transfers or exchanges after Dec. 31, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, with special rules for certain transfers and ruling requests before Mar. 1, 1984, see section 131(g) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 367 of this title. Amendment by section 163(b)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to expenditures with respect to which the second taxable year described in former section 118(b)(2)(B) of this title ends after Dec. 31, 1984, see section 163(c) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 118 of this title. Amendment by section 211(b)(24) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 215 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as an

of 1982 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to partnership taxable years beginning after Sept. 3, 1982, with provision for applicability of amendment to any partnership taxable year ending after Sept. 3, 1982, if partnership, each partner, and each indirect partner requests such application and the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate consents to such application, see section 407(a)(1), (3) of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as a note under section 702 of this title.

of 1980

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–223 applicable to periods after Feb. 29, 1980, see section 101(i) of Pub. L. 96–223, set out as a note under section 6161 of this title. Amendment by Pub. L. 96–222 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if it had been included in the provisions of the Revenue Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–600, to which such amendment relates, see section 201 of Pub. L. 96–222, set out as a note under section 32 of this title.

of 1978

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–628 applicable to carrybacks arising in taxable years beginning after Nov. 10, 1978, see section 8(d) of Pub. L. 95–628, set out as a note under section 6511 of this title. Pub. L. 95–600, title II, § 212(c), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2819, provided that: “The

made by this section [amending this section and section 6511 and 6512 of this title] shall apply to partnership items arising in partnership taxable years beginning after December 31, 1978.” Pub. L. 95–600, title III, § 321(d)(5), as added by Pub. L. 96–222, title I, § 103(a)(6)(B), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 209, provided that: “The

made by subsection (b) [amending this section and section 44B of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1976.” Amendment by section 504(b)(3) of Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to tentative refund claims filed on and after Nov. 6, 1978, see section 504(c) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 6411 of this title. Amendment by section 701(t)(3)(A) of Pub. L. 95–600 effective Oct. 4, 1976, see section 701(t)(5) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 859 of this title. Amendment by section 703(n) of Pub. L. 95–600 effective Oct. 4, 1976, see section 703(r) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 46 of this title. Amendment by section 703(p)(2) of Pub. L. 95–600 applicable with respect to losses sustained in taxable years ending after Nov. 6, 1978, see section 703(p)(4) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 172 of this title. Amendment by Pub. L. 95–227 applicable with respect to contributions, acts, and expenditures made after Dec. 31, 1977, in and for taxable years beginning after such date, see section 4(f) of Pub. L. 95–227, set out as an

note under section 192 of this title.

of 1977 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 95–30 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, and to credit carrybacks from such years, see section 202(e) of Pub. L. 95–30, set out as an

note under section 51 of this title.

of 1976 AmendmentAmendment by section 1031(b)(5) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, with specific exceptions, see section 1031(c) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 904 of this title. Amendment by section 1035(d)(3) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxes paid or accrued during taxable years ending after Oct. 4, 1976, see section 1035(e) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 907 of this title. Amendment by section 1302(b) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1974, see section 1302(c) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 4942 of this title. Amendment by section 1307(d)(2)(F)(vi) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1307(e)(5) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 501 of this title.

of 1974 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 93–406 applicable, except as otherwise provided in section 1017(c) through (i) of Pub. L. 93–406, for plan years beginning after Sept. 2, 1974, but, in the case of plans in existence on Jan. 1, 1974, amendment by Pub. L. 93–406 applicable for plan years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, see section 1017 of Pub. L. 93–406, set out an an

Transitional Rules note under section 410 of this title.

of 1971 AmendmentAmendment by section 504(c) of Pub. L. 92–178 applicable with respect to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1971, except that a corporation may not be a DISC for any taxable year beginning before Jan. 1, 1972, see section 507 of Pub. L. 92–178, set out as an

note under section 991 of this title. Amendment by section 601(d)(1), (e)(2) of Pub. L. 92–178 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1971, see section 601(f) of Pub. L. 92–178, set out as a note under section 381 of this title.

of 1970 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 91–614 applicable with respect to gifts made after Dec. 31, 1970, see section 102(e) of Pub. L. 91–614, set out as a note under section 2501 of this title.

of 1969 AmendmentAmendment by section 101(g)(1)–(3) of Pub. L. 91–172 effective Jan. 1, 1970, see section 101(k)(1) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as an

note under section 4940 of this title. Amendment by section 512(e)(1) of Pub. L. 91–172 applicable with respect to net capital losses sustained in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1969, see section 512(g) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as a note under section 1212 of this title.

of 1967 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 90–225 applicable with respect to investment credit carrybacks attributable to net operating loss carrybacks from taxable years ending after July 31, 1967, see section 2(g) of Pub. L. 90–225, set out as a note under section 46 of this title.

of 1966

Pub. L. 89–809, title I, § 105(f)(4), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1568, provided that: “The

made by this subsection [amending this section and section 6513 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 13, 1966].” Amendment by section 2(f) of Pub. L. 89–721 applicable with respect to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1961, but only in the case of applications filed after Nov. 2, 1966, see section 2(g) of Pub. L. 89–721, set out as a note under section 6411 of this title. Pub. L. 89–721, § 3(b), Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1151, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply in any case where the application under section 6411 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 is filed after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 2, 1966].”

of 1965 Amendment Pub. L. 89–44, title VIII, § 810(c), June 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 169, provided that: “The

made by subsections (a) and (b) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to returns filed on or after July 1, 1965.”

of 1964

Pub. L. 88–571, § 3(f), Sept. 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 859, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: “The

made by this section [amending this section and section 815, 6511, 6601, and 6611 of this title] shall apply with respect to amounts added to policyholders surplus accounts (within the meaning of [former] section 815(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954]) for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1958.” Amendment by Pub. L. 88–272 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1963, see section 225(l) of Pub. L. 88–272, set out as a note under section 316 of this title.

of 1962

Pub. L. 87–858, § 3(f), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1138, provided that the amendment made by that section is applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1961. Amendment by Pub. L. 87–834 applicable with respect to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1961, see section 2(h) of Pub. L. 87–834, set out as an

note under section 46 of this title.

of 1960 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 86–780 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1957, see section 4 of Pub. L. 86–780, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.

of 1959 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 86–69 applicable only with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1957, see section 4 of Pub. L. 86–69, set out as a note under section 381 of this title.

of 1958

Amendment by Pub. L. 85–866 effective Aug. 17, 1954, see section 1(c)(2) of Pub. L. 85–866, set out as a note under section 165 of this title. Amendment by Pub. L. 85–859 effective on first day of first calendar quarter which begins more than 60 days after Sept. 2, 1958, see section 1(c) of Pub. L. 85–859, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1275. Plan

Not Required Until January 1, 1989For provisions directing that if any

made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§ 1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§ 1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.