What does the United States import from Montenegro?

America imported $11M in goods from Montenegro in 2025. The largest categories: Alcoholic beverages, excluding wine, Telecommunications equipment, Electric apparatus, Wine, beer, and related products.

What tariffs does the U.S. have on Montenegro?

The most recent U.S. tariff action toward Montenegro (2026-04-06): Section 232 metals coverage expanded.

Country exposure · ME

Montenegro

Europe · Podgorica · parliamentary republic

What Montenegro means for your money — the prices you pay, the tariffs in motion, and where U.S. policy could change both.

$11M

U.S. imports, 2025

-29.6%

change in one year

$40M

U.S. exports, 2025

600K

Population

$8.1B

GDP

In your house

What you buy that Montenegro makes

America bought $11M in goods from Montenegro in 2025 — down 29.6% in a single year. Of every $100 of it, here's where the money went.

Alcoholic beverages, excluding wine

spirits and liquor

$7M68.3%

Telecommunications equipment

phones, routers, networking gear

$698K6.5%

Electric apparatus

$512K4.8%

Wine, beer, and related products

wine and beer

$439K4.1%

Semiconductors

semiconductors and chips

$321K3%

Furniture, household goods, etc.

furniture, mattresses, lamps

$179K1.7%

Minimum value shipments

$160K1.5%

Industrial machines, other

$142K1.3%

Sulfur, nonmetallic minerals

$129K1.2%

Vegetables

vegetables

$107K1%

2026 so far (through April): $5M in imports. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade in Goods (customs basis).

The other direction

What America sells to Montenegro

$40M in 2025 — a trade rupture cuts both ways, for American producers as well as American prices.

Telecommunications equipment

$5M

phones, routers, networking gear

Passenger cars, new and used

$4M

new and used cars

Minimum value shipments

$4M

Sports apparel and gear

$3M

camping gear and outdoor apparel

Household appliances

$2M

household appliances

Trucks, buses, and special purpose vehicles

$2M

trucks, buses, SUVs

Finished metal shapes

$2M

Fish and shellfish

$2M

fish, shrimp, shellfish

Plastic materials

$1M

plastics for packaging and goods

Where you stand

U.S. tariff posture toward Montenegro

No U.S. tariff action singles this country out. Its goods face the universal 10% temporary import surcharge under Section 122 of the Trade Act (which replaced the IEEPA reciprocal baseline in February 2026) plus the sectoral Section 232 duties — steel and aluminum at 50% — that apply to all countries. The Section 122 surcharge is statutorily temporary — scheduled to lapse on or about July 23, 2026 (a 150-day cap) unless extended or replaced.

Reciprocal tariff (universal baseline)

10%

The universal 10% floor — a Section 122 import surcharge since February 2026, previously the EO 14257 reciprocal baseline — applies to nearly all U.S. imports. This country has no higher assigned rate of its own.

Policy in motion

Tariff status: a moving target

No U.S. tariff action names Montenegro. These are the universal measures — applied to every country without a country-specific arrangement — that set its treatment.

2026-04-06
Section 232 metals coverage expanded
In effect
The April 2026 proclamation strengthening Section 232 actions on aluminum, steel, and copper expanded derivative-product coverage for all countries, keeping the general metals rate at 50%.
91 FR 18201 →
2026-02-24
IEEPA reciprocal tariffs terminated — replaced by 10% Section 122 surcharge
In effect
Executive Order 14389 (Ending Certain Tariff Actions) terminated the IEEPA tariff duties — including the EO 14257 reciprocal baseline — effective February 24, 2026. A flat 10% Section 122 temporary import surcharge (Proclamation 11012 of February 20, 2026) replaced them, leaving the universal rate unchanged at 10% on a different statutory basis. Section 122 caps such surcharges at 150 days, so this 10% surcharge is scheduled to lapse on or about July 23, 2026 absent further action (the administration has signaled it could raise the rate toward the 15% statutory maximum).
91 FR 9437 →
2025-11-13
Agricultural products exempted from reciprocal tariffs
In effect
Executive Order 14360 of November 14, 2025 removed reciprocal duties from certain agricultural products listed in its annexes (coffee, cocoa, bananas, and other goods the U.S. does not produce in sufficient quantity), retroactive to November 13, 2025 — for all countries subject to the reciprocal tariff.
90 FR 54091 →
2025-06-04
Section 232 steel and aluminum duties doubled to 50%
In effect
The June 3, 2025 proclamation raised Section 232 duties on steel and aluminum articles and derivatives from 25% to 50% for all countries, effective June 4, 2025.
90 FR 24199 →
2025-04-05
Universal 10% reciprocal baseline takes effect
In effect
Executive Order 14257 (signed April 2, 2025) imposed a 10% ad valorem reciprocal duty on imports from all trading partners, effective April 5, 2025. Countries without a higher Annex I rate remain at this baseline.
Federal Register · 2025-06063 →
2025-03-12
Section 232 steel and aluminum duties set at 25% for all countries
In effect
Proclamations of February 10, 2025 terminated all country exemptions and quota arrangements and applied 25% Section 232 duties to steel and aluminum imports from every country, effective March 12, 2025.
90 FR 9817 →

Compare all countries’ tariffs →Your tariff impact →

Made for America

What Montenegro makes for America

Montenegro is a direct U.S. source of 1 essential good Americans rely on — the items themselves, shipped finished off the line.

food

Beer, wine, and spirits

$8M to the U.S.

Reference

The country itself

Europe · Geography, people, economy, and government — public-domain data from the CIA World Factbook.

The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. Under Ottoman control beginning in 1496, Montenegro was a semi-autonomous theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes until 1852, when it became a secular principality. Montenegro fought a series of wars with the Ottomans and eventually won recognition as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In 1918, the country was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the end of World War II, Montenegro joined the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). When the SFRY dissolved in 1992, Montenegro and Serbia created the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), which shifted in 2003 to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Montenegro voted to restore its independence on 3 June 2006. Montenegro became an official EU candidate in 2010 and joined NATO in 2017.

Geography

Location: Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
Area: 13,812 sq km
Climate: Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Terrain: highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
Natural resources: bauxite, hydroelectricity
Coastline: 293.5 km
Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes

People & society

Population: 599,849 (2024 est.)
Nationality: Montenegrin(s)
Ethnic groups: Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)
Languages: Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)
Religions: Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)
Median age: 41.5 years (2025 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 78.2 years (2024 est.)
Literacy: 98.5% (2018 est.)

Economy

Economic overview: upper-middle-income, small Balkan economy; uses euro as de facto currency; reduced growth due to slowdown in tourism and industrial production; new impetus for EU accession under Europe Now government; energy price cap and declining food and services prices easing inflation rate
Industries: steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
Agricultural products: milk, potatoes, watermelons, grapes, sheep milk, cabbages, oranges, eggs, goat milk, figs (2023)
Exports - partners: Italy 38%, Serbia 13%, Spain 6%, Slovenia 5%, Bosnia & Herzegovina 4% (2023)
Imports - partners: Serbia 21%, China 10%, Germany 8%, Croatia 6%, Italy 6% (2023)

Government

Government type: parliamentary republic
Capital: Podgorica
Independence: 3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)
Constitution: several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007
Executive branch: President Jakov MILATOVIC (since 20 May 2023)
Legislative branch: Parliament (Skupstina)

Full reference data

Every field, by section — CIA World Factbook. Open a topic to expand it.

Introduction

Background

Travel Facts

US State Dept Travel Advisory

The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens exercise normal precautions in Montenegro. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws, and special circumstances in this country. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html

Passport/Visa Requirements

US citizens should make sure their passport is valid at the date of their entering the country. They should also make sure they have at least 1 blank page in their passport for any entry stamp that will be required. A visa is not required as long as you do not stay in the country more than 90 days.

US Embassy/Consulate

+382 (0)20 410 500; US Embassy Podgorica, Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; PodgoricaACS@state.gov; https://me.usembassy.gov/

Telephone Code

382

Local Emergency Phone

Vaccinations

See WHO recommendations http://www.who.int/

Climate

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Currency (Code)

Euros (EUR)

Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s)

230 V / 50 Hz / plug types(s): C, F

Major Languages

Serbian, Montenegrin, Bosnian, Albanian, Serbo-Croat

Major Religions

Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%

Time Difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time); daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Potable Water

Yes

International Driving Permit

Suggested

Road Driving Side

Right

Tourist Destinations

Sveti Stefan; Budva Old Town; Kotor (includes San Giovanni Fortress); Durmitor National Park (includes Tara Canyon, Black Lake); Stecci Medieval Tombstones; Podgorica

Major Sports

Soccer, water polo, basketball, football, volleyball

Cultural Practices

Conversations in Montenegro may involve more physical touching than those in America, with light touches and taps on the shoulder being common.

Tipping Guidelines

Service charges are generally not included in restaurants and hotel bills, so a tip of 10% is appreciated. Taxi drivers do not expect tips, but a small gratuity is appropriate.

Souvenirs

Traditional caps, brojanica prayer bracelets, cheese, honey, Amaro Montenegro liqueur, wine

Traditional Cuisine

Brudet — fish stew made with white fish and shellfish, as well as tomatoes, wine, and spices; typically served with polenta (coarsely ground corn)

CIA source last updated

Wednesday, November 09, 2022

Travel resources

Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.

World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.

US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.

To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs: American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)

How to get help in an emergency? Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers: from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444

Page last updated: Wednesday, November 09, 2022

Geography

Location

Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia

Geographic coordinates

42 30 N, 19 18 E

Map references

Europe

Area - total

13,812 sq km

Area - land

13,452 sq km

Area - water

360 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Connecticut; slightly larger than twice the size of Delaware

Land boundaries - total

680 km

Land boundaries - border countries

Albania 186 km; Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km; Croatia 19 km; Kosovo 76 km; Serbia 157 km

Coastline

293.5 km

Maritime claims - territorial sea

12 nm

Maritime claims - continental shelf

defined by treaty

Climate

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Terrain

highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus

Elevation - highest point

Zia Kolata 2,534 m

Elevation - lowest point

Adriatic Sea 0 m

Elevation - mean elevation

1,086 m

Natural resources

bauxite, hydroelectricity

Land use - agricultural land

19.6% (2023 est.)

Land use - agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)

Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)

Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 18.5% (2023 est.)

Land use - forest

61.5% (2023 est.)

Land use - other

18.9% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land

24 sq km (2012)

Major lakes (area sq km) - fresh water lake(s)

Lake Scutari (shared with Albania) - 400 sq km note - largest lake in the Balkans

Major watersheds (area sq km) - Atlantic Ocean drainage

(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Population distribution

highest population density is concentrated in the south and southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes

Geography - note

strategic location along the Adriatic coast

People and Society

Population - total

599,849 (2024 est.)

Population - male

294,482

Population - female

305,367

Nationality - noun

Montenegrin(s)

Nationality - adjective

Montenegrin

Ethnic groups

Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)

Languages - Languages

Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)

Languages - major-language sample(s)

Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian) Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Montenegrin/Bosnian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions

Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)

Age structure - 0-14 years

17.7% (male 54,608/female 51,594)

Age structure - 15-64 years

64.4% (male 192,631/female 193,515)

Age structure - 65 years and over

17.9% (2024 est.) (male 47,243/female 60,258)

Dependency ratios - total dependency ratio

55.3 (2024 est.)

Dependency ratios - youth dependency ratio

27.5 (2024 est.)

Dependency ratios - elderly dependency ratio

27.8 (2024 est.)

Dependency ratios - potential support ratio

3.6 (2024 est.)

Median age - total

41.5 years (2025 est.)

Median age - male

39.5 years

Median age - female

42.5 years

Population growth rate

-0.46% (2025 est.)

Birth rate

10.77 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

10.29 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Net migration rate

-5.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Population distribution

highest population density is concentrated in the south and southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area

Urbanization - urban population

68.5% of total population (2023)

Urbanization - rate of urbanization

0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population

177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)

Sex ratio - at birth

1.04 male(s)/female

Sex ratio - 0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

Sex ratio - 15-64 years

1 male(s)/female

Sex ratio - 65 years and over

0.78 male(s)/female

Sex ratio - total population

0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

26.3 years (2010 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

6 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate - total

3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Infant mortality rate - male

2.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Infant mortality rate - female

3.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth - total population

78.2 years (2024 est.)

Life expectancy at birth - male

75.8 years

Life expectancy at birth - female

80.7 years

Total fertility rate

1.8 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.88 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source - improved: urban

urban: 99.2% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source - improved: rural

rural: 98.2% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source - improved: total

total: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source - unimproved: urban

urban: 0.8% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source - unimproved: rural

rural: 1.8% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source - unimproved: total

total: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)

Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

10.6% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

16.3% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density

2.78 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Hospital bed density

3.8 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Sanitation facility access - improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access - improved: rural

rural: 93.9% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access - improved: total

total: 98.1% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access - unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access - unimproved: rural

rural: 6.1% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access - unimproved: total

total: 1.9% of population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

23.3% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita - total

9.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita - beer

3.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita - wine

2.68 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita - spirits

3.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita - other alcohols

0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use - total

31.6% (2025 est.)

Tobacco use - male

29.9% (2025 est.)

Tobacco use - female

33.1% (2025 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

3.7% (2018 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

57.6% (2018 est.)

Child marriage - women married by age 15

1.9% (2018)

Child marriage - women married by age 18

5.8% (2018)

Child marriage - men married by age 18

3.2% (2018)

Literacy - total population

98.5% (2018 est.)

Literacy - male

99.2% (2018 est.)

Literacy - female

97.9% (2018 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - total

16 years (2023 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - male

15 years (2023 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - female

16 years (2023 est.)

Government

Country name - conventional long form

none

Country name - conventional short form

Montenegro

Country name - local long form

none

Country name - local short form

Crna Gora

Country name - former

People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro

Country name - etymology

the name in Italian means "dark mountain" and is a translation of the Serbo-Croatian name Crna Gora; both refer to the dark coniferous forests in the mountainous region

Government type

parliamentary republic

Capital - name

Podgorica

Capital - geographic coordinates

42 26 N, 19 16 E

Capital - time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Capital - daylight saving time

+1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Capital - etymology

the Slavic name translates as "under the mountain," from pod (under) and gora (mountain)

Capital - note

note: Cetinje retains the status of "Old Royal Capital"

Administrative divisions

25 municipalities ( opstine , singular - opstina ); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnjica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak, Zeta

Legal system

civil law

Constitution - history

several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007

Constitution - amendment process

proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship - citizenship by birth

Citizenship - citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro

Citizenship - dual citizenship recognized

Citizenship - residency requirement for naturalization

10 years

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch - chief of state

President Jakov MILATOVIC (since 20 May 2023)

Executive branch - head of government

Prime Minister Milojko SPAJIC (since 31 October 2023)

Executive branch - cabinet

ministers serve as the cabinet

Executive branch - election/appointment process

president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly

Executive branch - most recent election date

19 March 2023, with a runoff on 2 April 2023

Executive branch - election results

2023: Jakov MILATOVIC elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Milo DUKANOVIC (DPS) 35.4%, Jakov MILATOVIC (Europe Now!) 28.9%, Andrija MANDIC (DF) 19.3%, Aleksa BECIC (DCG) 11.1%, other 5.3%; percent of vote in second round - Jakov MILATOVIC 58.9%, Milo DUKANOVIC 41.1% 2018: Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in first round; percent of vote - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7%

Executive branch - expected date of next election

2028

Legislative branch - legislature name

Parliament (Skupstina)

Legislative branch - legislative structure

unicameral

Legislative branch - number of seats

81 (all directly elected)

Legislative branch - electoral system

proportional representation

Legislative branch - scope of elections

full renewal

Legislative branch - term in office

4 years

Legislative branch - most recent election date

6/11/2023

Legislative branch - parties elected and seats per party

Europe now! (Evropa sad) (24); Together! For the future that belongs to you (DPS – SD – DUA – LP - UDSh) (21); For the future of Montenegro (New Serb Democracy; Democratic People’s Party of Montenegro, Labour Party) (13); Bravery counts! (HRABRO se broji!) (11); It’s clear! (Jasno je!) – Bosniak Party (6); Other (6)

Legislative branch - percentage of women in chamber

27.2%

Legislative branch - expected date of next election

June 2027

Judicial branch - highest court(s)

Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)

Judicial branch - judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms

Judicial branch - subordinate courts

Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts

Political parties

Albanian Alliance (electoral coalition includes FORCA, PD, DSCG) Albanian Alternative or AA Albanian Democratic League or LDSH Albanian Forum (electoral coalition includes AA, LDSH, UDSH) Aleksa and Dritan - Count Bravely! (electoral coalition includes Democrats, URA) Bosniak Party or BS Civic Movement United Reform Action or United Reform Action or URA Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI Democratic Alliance or DEMOS Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG Democratic Montenegro or Democrats Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS Democratic People's Party or DNP Democratic Union of Albanians or UDSH Europe Now! For the Future of Montenegro or ZBCG (coalition includes NSD, DNP, RP) Liberal Party or LP New Democratic Power or FORCA New Serb Democracy or NSD or NOVA Social Democrats or SD Socialist People's Party or SNP Together! (electoral coalition includes DPS, SD, LP, UDSH) United Montenegro or UCG (split from DEMOS) Workers' Party or RP

Diplomatic representation in the US - chief of mission

Ambassador Jovan MIRKOVIĆ (since 18 September 2024)

Diplomatic representation in the US - chancery

1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009

Diplomatic representation in the US - telephone

[1] (202) 234-6108

Diplomatic representation in the US - FAX

[1] (202) 234-6109

Diplomatic representation in the US - email address and website

usa@mfa.gov.me United States of America - Embassies and consulates of Montenegro and visa regimes for foreign citizens (www.gov.me)

Diplomatic representation in the US - consulate(s) general

New York

Diplomatic representation from the US - chief of mission

Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018)

Diplomatic representation from the US - embassy

Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica

Diplomatic representation from the US - mailing address

5570 Podgorica Place, Washington DC 20521-5570

Diplomatic representation from the US - telephone

[382] (0) 20-410-500

Diplomatic representation from the US - FAX

[382] (0) 20-241-358

Diplomatic representation from the US - email address and website

PodgoricaACS@state.gov https://me.usembassy.gov/

International organization participation

CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

International organization participation - note

note: Montenegro is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership

Independence

3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)

National holiday

Statehood Day, 13 July (1878, 1941)

National holiday - note

note: the holiday celebrates the day in 1878 when the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as an independent state, as well as the day in 1941 when the Montenegrins staged an uprising against its occupiers

Flag

description: a red field bordered with a narrow golden-yellow stripe; the Montenegrin coat of arms in the center is a double-headed golden eagle, with a crown above; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the eagle's breast shield shows a golden lion on a green field in front of a blue sky meaning: the eagle symbolizes the unity of church and state; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority, a reference to the three-and-a-half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy

National symbol(s)

double-headed eagle

National color(s)

red, gold

National anthem(s) - title

"Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)

National anthem(s) - lyrics/music

Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC

National anthem(s) - history

adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song

National heritage - total World Heritage Sites

4 (3 cultural, 1 natural)

National heritage - selected World Heritage Site locales

Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor (c); Durmitor National Park (n); Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards (c); Fortified City of Kotor Venetian Defense Works (c)

Economy

Economic overview

upper-middle-income, small Balkan economy; uses euro as de facto currency; reduced growth due to slowdown in tourism and industrial production; new impetus for EU accession under Europe Now government; energy price cap and declining food and services prices easing inflation rate

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$17.375 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$16.862 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$15.857 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2024

3% (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2023

6.3% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2022

6.4% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate - note

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2024

$27,900 (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2023

$27,000 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2022

$25,400 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita - note

note: data in 2021 dollars

GDP (official exchange rate)

$8.07 billion (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate) - note

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

3.3% (2024 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

8.6% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

13% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) - note

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

GDP - composition, by sector of origin - agriculture

5.2% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin - industry

11.6% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin - services

62.1% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin - note

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

GDP - composition, by end use - household consumption

76.3% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use - government consumption

17.9% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use - investment in fixed capital

20.2% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use - investment in inventories

8.3% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use - exports of goods and services

44.9% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use - imports of goods and services

-67.5% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use - note

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agricultural products

milk, potatoes, watermelons, grapes, sheep milk, cabbages, oranges, eggs, goat milk, figs (2023)

Agricultural products - note

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries

steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism

Industrial production growth rate

-1.7% (2024 est.)

Industrial production growth rate - note

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force

245,300 (2024 est.)

Labor force - note

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2024

14.1% (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2023

14.7% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2022

14.9% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate - note

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - total

25.9% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - male

27.5% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - female

23.6% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - note

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line

20.3% (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line - note

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021

34.3 (2021 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - note

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Average household expenditures - on food

24.8% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

Average household expenditures - on alcohol and tobacco

5.6% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%

2.1% (2021 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share - highest 10%

24.7% (2021 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share - note

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Remittances - Remittances 2024

10.6% of GDP (2024 est.)

Remittances - Remittances 2023

10.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances - Remittances 2022

13.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances - note

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Budget - revenues

$1.463 billion (2015 est.)

Budget - expenditures

$1.491 billion (2015 est.)

Budget - note

note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Public debt - Public debt 2017

67.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

Public debt - note

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Current account balance - Current account balance 2024

-$1.406 billion (2024 est.)

Current account balance - Current account balance 2023

-$851.525 million (2023 est.)

Current account balance - Current account balance 2022

-$817.858 million (2022 est.)

Current account balance - note

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports - Exports 2024

$3.629 billion (2024 est.)

Exports - Exports 2023

$3.769 billion (2023 est.)

Exports - Exports 2022

$3.177 billion (2022 est.)

Exports - note

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - partners

Italy 38%, Serbia 13%, Spain 6%, Slovenia 5%, Bosnia & Herzegovina 4% (2023)

Exports - partners - note

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Exports - commodities

electricity, aluminum, copper ore, aluminum ore, packaged medicine (2023)

Exports - commodities - note

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - Imports 2024

$5.478 billion (2024 est.)

Imports - Imports 2023

$5.167 billion (2023 est.)

Imports - Imports 2022

$4.614 billion (2022 est.)

Imports - note

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - partners

Serbia 21%, China 10%, Germany 8%, Croatia 6%, Italy 6% (2023)

Imports - partners - note

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, cars, electricity, packaged medicine, aluminum (2023)

Imports - commodities - note

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$1.741 billion (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$1.574 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$2.041 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - note

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt - external - Debt - external 2023

$3.643 billion (2023 est.)

Debt - external - note

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Exchange rates - Currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2024

0.924 (2024 est.)

Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2023

0.925 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2022

0.951 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2021

0.845 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2020

0.877 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates - note

note: Montenegro, which is neither an EU member state nor a party to a formal EU monetary agreement, uses the euro as its de facto currency

Energy

Electricity access - electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

1.082 million kW (2023 est.)

Electricity - consumption

2.719 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity - exports

6.288 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity - imports

5.421 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity - transmission/distribution losses

601.023 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources - fossil fuels

39.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources - solar

0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources - wind

7.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources - hydroelectricity

53% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal - production

1.862 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal - consumption

1.658 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal - exports

205,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal - imports

2.8 metric tons (2022 est.)

Coal - proven reserves

337 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum - refined petroleum consumption

9,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita - Total energy consumption per capita 2023

63.407 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines - total subscriptions

190,000 (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

30 (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular - total subscriptions

1.31 million (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

203 (2022 est.)

Broadcast media

state-funded national radio and TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and several online media (2019)

Internet country code

.me

Internet users - percent of population

90% (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions - total

203,000 (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

32 (2023 est.)

Transportation

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports

5 (2025)

Heliports

1 (2025)

Railways - total

250 km (2017)

Railways - standard gauge

250 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified)

Merchant marine - total

18 (2023)

Merchant marine - by type

bulk carrier 4, other 14

Ports - total ports

4 (2024)

Ports - large

Ports - medium

Ports - small

Ports - very small

Ports - ports with oil terminals

Ports - key ports

Bar, Kotor, Risan, Tivat

Military and Security

Military and security forces

Army of Montenegro (Vojska Crne Gore or VCG): Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy Ministry of Interior: Police Directorate of Montenegro (2025)

Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2025

2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2024

1.7% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2023

1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2022

1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2021

1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 2,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory is small and consists largely of Soviet-era equipment inherited from the former Yugoslavia military, along with a limited but growing mix of imported Western systems (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18-30 for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2006 (2025)

Military service age and obligation - note

note: as of 2024, women made up over 11% of the military's full-time personnel

Military - note

the Army of Montenegro is responsible for the defense of Montenegro’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, cooperating in international and multinational security, and assisting civil authorities during emergencies such as natural disasters; since Montenegro joined NATO in 2017, another focus has been integrating into the Alliance, including adapting NATO standards for planning and professionalization, structural reforms, and modernization by replacing its Soviet-era equipment; the Army trains and exercises with NATO partners and actively supports NATO missions and operations, committing small numbers of troops in Afghanistan, Kosovo, and NATO’s Enhanced Forward Presence mission in Eastern Europe; a few personnel have also been deployed on EU- and UN-led operations (2025)

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons - refugees

18,820 (2024 est.)

Refugees and internally displaced persons - stateless persons

423 (2024 est.)

Environment

Environmental issues

pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets; serious air pollution in some cities from lignite power plants and household use of coal and wood for heating

International environmental agreements - party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

International environmental agreements - signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Climate

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Land use - agricultural land

19.6% (2023 est.)

Land use - agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)

Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)

Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 18.5% (2023 est.)

Land use - forest

61.5% (2023 est.)

Land use - other

18.9% (2023 est.)

Urbanization - urban population

68.5% of total population (2023)

Urbanization - rate of urbanization

0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions - total emissions

2.808 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions - from coal and metallurgical coke

1.543 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions - from petroleum and other liquids

1.265 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

17.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Waste and recycling - municipal solid waste generated annually

329,800 tons (2024 est.)

Waste and recycling - percent of municipal solid waste recycled

6.4% (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal - municipal

121.32 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal - industrial

2.079 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal - agricultural

6.76 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

← All countries