Title 600, REVISED JUDICATURE ACT OF 1961

Sec. 2138. (1) If a public officer performing duties under this act is required or authorized by law to record, copy, recopy, or replace a document, plat, paper, written instrument, or book on file or of record in his or her office, the officer may do so pursuant to the records m…

Sec. 2139. In any action upon a sealed instrument, and where a counterclaim is founded on any sealed instrument, the seal thereof shall only be presumptive evidence of a sufficient consideration, which may be rebutted in the same manner, and to the same extent, as if such instrum…

Sec. 2140. In any suit or proceeding, civil or criminal hereafter instituted in any of the courts of this state, wherein it shall become material or necessary to prove the incorporation of any company or corporation, or the existence of any joint stock company or association, whe…

Sec. 2141. In any suit or proceeding hereafter instituted in any of the courts of this state, wherein it shall become material or necessary to prove the copartnership of any firm or association the plaintiffs may cause to be served upon the defendant, with a copy of the complaint…

Sec. 2142. Any corporation, joint stock company, or partnership association, limited, may have a common seal which it may alter at pleasure, and such seal affixed to any instrument purporting to be executed by any such corporation, joint stock company or partnership association, …

Sec. 2143. Whenever upon the trial of any action, civil or criminal, or upon the hearing of any judicial proceedings, a written instrument is offered in evidence, to which there is a subscribing witness, it shall not be necessary to call such subscribing witness, but such instrum…

Sec. 2144. Whenever in any suit or proceeding in any of the courts of this state, it shall be necessary or proper to prove the signature or the handwriting of any person, it shall be competent to introduce in evidence for the purpose of comparison, any specimen or specimens of th…

Sec. 2145. In all actions brought in any of the courts of this state, to recover the amount due on an open account or upon an account stated, if the plaintiff or someone in his behalf makes an affidavit of the amount due, as near as he can estimate the same, over and above all le…

Sec. 2146. A writing or record, whether in the form of an entry in a book or otherwise, made as a memorandum of an act, transaction, occurrence, or event is admissible in evidence in a proceeding in a court or before an officer, arbitrator, or referee in proof of the act, transac…

Sec. 2147. Notwithstanding any law of this state to the contrary, an individual, firm, association, or corporation may introduce in evidence at a trial or hearing before a court, officer, arbiter, referee, board, or tribunal, a reproduction of a business record of the individual …

Sec. 2148. (1) A person, firm, or corporation engaged in business may cause records kept by the business to be reproduced pursuant to the records media act, and the business may then dispose of the original record. (2) A reproduction in a medium pursuant to the records media act …

Sec. 2149. Whenever a party to any instrument shall have been permitted to prove by his own oath the loss of any instrument, in order to admit other proof of the contents thereof, the adverse party may also be examined by the court on oath, to disprove such loss, and to account f…

Sec. 215. The supreme court has jurisdiction and power over: (1) any matter brought before it by any appropriate writ to any inferior court, magistrate, or other officer; (2) any question of law brought before it in accordance with court rules, by certification by any trial judge…

Sec. 2151. In suits by or against a corporation, the admission of any member thereof not named on the record as a party to such suit shall not be received as evidence against such corporation, unless such admission was made concerning some transaction in which such member was the…

Sec. 2152. In proceedings for the probate of wills, it shall not be necessary for the proponent in the first instance to introduce any proof to show the competency of the decedent to make a will, but the like presumption of mental competency shall obtain as in other cases.

Sec. 2153. Whenever any application is made to any public officer or board of officers to do any act in an official capacity, and such officer or board requires information or proof to enable him or them to decide on the propriety of doing such act, such information or proof may …

Sec. 2154. Any competent witness in a cause shall not be excused from answering a question relevant to the matter in issue, on the ground merely that the answer to such question may establish, or tend to establish, that such witness owes a debt, or is otherwise subject to a civil…

Sec. 2155. (1) A statement, writing, or action that expresses sympathy, compassion, commiseration, or a general sense of benevolence relating to the pain, suffering, or death of an individual and that is made to that individual or to the individual's family is inadmissible as evi…

Sec. 2156. No minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, or duly accredited Christian Science practitioner, shall be allowed to disclose any confessions made to him in his professional character, in the course of discipline enjoined by the rules or practice…

Sec. 2157. Except as otherwise provided by law, a person duly authorized to practice medicine or surgery shall not disclose any information that the person has acquired in attending a patient in a professional character, if the information was necessary to enable the person to pr…

Sec. 2157a. (1) For purposes of this section: (a) "Confidential communication" means information transmitted between a victim and a sexual assault or domestic violence counselor, or between a victim or sexual assault or domestic violence counselor and any other person to whom dis…

Sec. 2157b. (1) Except as provided in subsection (2) or (3), a person shall not be required to do either of the following in a civil or criminal proceeding: (a) Disclose, by way of testimony or otherwise, a confidential communication to a crime stoppers organization. (b) Produce,…

Sec. 2158. No person shall be excluded from giving evidence on any matter, civil or criminal, by reason of crime or for any interest of such person in the matter, suit, or proceeding in question, or in the event of such matter, suit or proceeding, in which such testimony may be o…

Sec. 2159. On the trial of any issue joined, or in any matter, suit or proceeding, in any court, or on any inquiry arising in any suit or proceeding in any court, or before any officer or person having by law, or by consent of parties, authority to hear, receive, and examine evid…

Sec. 2161. In any suit or proceeding in any court in this state, either party, if he shall call as a witness in his behalf, the opposite party, employee or agent of said opposite party, or any person who at the time of the happening of the transaction out of which such suit or pr…

Sec. 2162. (1) In a civil action or administrative proceeding, a husband shall not be examined as a witness for or against his wife without her consent or a wife for or against her husband without his consent, except as provided in subsection (3). (2) In a criminal prosecution, a…

Sec. 2163a. (1) As used in this section: (a) "Courtroom support dog" means a dog that has been trained and evaluated as a support dog pursuant to the Assistance Dogs International Standards for guide or service work and that is repurposed and appropriate for providing emotional s…

Sec. 2164. (1) No expert witness shall be paid, or receive as compensation in any given case for his services as such, a sum in excess of the ordinary witness fees provided by law, unless the court before whom such witness is to appear, or has appeared, awards a larger sum, which…

Sec. 2164a. (1) If a court has determined that expert testimony will assist the trier of fact and that a witness is qualified to give the expert testimony, the court may, with the consent of all parties, allow the expert witness to be sworn and testify at trial by video communica…

Sec. 2165. No teacher, guidance officer, school executive or other professional person engaged in character building in the public schools or in any other educational institution, including any clerical worker of such schools and institutions, who maintains records of students' b…

Sec. 2166. (1) In an action by or against a person incapable of testifying, a party's own testimony shall not be admissible as to any matter which, if true, must have been equally within the knowledge of the person incapable of testifying, unless some material portion of his test…

Sec. 2169. (1) In an action alleging medical malpractice, a person shall not give expert testimony on the appropriate standard of practice or care unless the person is licensed as a health professional in this state or another state and meets the following criteria: (a) If the pa…

Sec. 217. The supreme court has jurisdiction and power to issue, hear, and determine writs of: (1) error, (2) habeas corpus, (3) mandamus, (4) quo warranto, (5) procedendo, and other original and remedial writs.

Sec. 2181. This chapter may be referred to and cited as the "uniform unsworn foreign declarations act".

Sec. 2182. As used in this chapter: (a) "Boundaries of the United States" means the geographic boundaries of the United States, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, and any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. (b) "Law" inclu…

Sec. 2183. This chapter applies to an unsworn declaration by a declarant who at the time of making the declaration is physically located outside the boundaries of the United States whether or not the location is subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. This chapter does …

Sec. 2184. (1) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (2), if a law of this state requires or permits use of a sworn declaration, an unsworn declaration meeting the requirements of this chapter has the same effect as a sworn declaration. (2) This chapter does not apply to any…

Sec. 2185. If a law of this state requires that a sworn declaration be presented in a particular medium, an unsworn declaration must be presented in that medium.

Sec. 2186. An unsworn declaration under this chapter must be in substantially the following form: I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the state of Michigan that the foregoing is true and correct, and that I am physically located outside the geographic boundaries …

Sec. 2187. In applying and construing this chapter, consideration shall be given to the need to promote uniformity of the law with respect to its subject matter among the states that enact the uniform unsworn foreign declarations act.

Sec. 2188. This act modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal electronic signatures in global and national commerce act, 15 USC 7001 to 7031, except that it does not modify, limit, or supersede section 101(c) of the electronic signatures in global and national commerce act, 15…

Sec. 219. The supreme court has a general superintending control over all inferior courts and tribunals. The supreme court has authority to issue any writs, directives, and mandates that it judges necessary and expedient to effectuate its determinations, and to take any action it…

Sec. 2190. This chapter takes effect April 1, 2013.

Sec. 2201. This chapter may be referred to and cited as the "uniform interstate depositions and discovery act".

Sec. 2202. As used in this chapter: (a) "Foreign jurisdiction" means a state other than this state. (b) "Foreign subpoena" means a subpoena issued under authority of a court of record of a foreign jurisdiction. (c) "Person" means an individual, corporation, business trust, estate…

Sec. 2203. (1) To request issuance of a subpoena under this section, a party must submit a foreign subpoena to the clerk of the circuit court in the county in which discovery is sought to be conducted in this state. A request for the issuance of a subpoena under this chapter does…