pharmaceutical · input
Penicillin nucleus produced by enzymatic deacylation of Penicillin G. Core precursor for amoxicillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, and all semi-synthetic penicillins.
3
Source countries
3
Companies
1
Goods affected
0
Claims on record
What depends on it
1 essential American goods rely on 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-apa) somewhere upstream in their supply chain.
Where it comes from
Share of global supply, by country.
| Country | Share of supply |
|---|---|
| CNChina | 80% |
| INIndia | 10% |
| NLNetherlands | 8% |
Who makes it
3 companies produce 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-apa).
Second-largest penicillin enterprise globally and the largest Chinese producer of penicillin, amoxicillin, 6-APA, and streptomycin. Annual capacity: 7,000–8,000 tonnes antibiotics, 5,000 tonnes intermediates.
Dutch pharmaceutical API company (HQ Rotterdam; private; formerly DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals — a JV between DSM N.V. Netherlands and Sinochem Group China, formed 2011; sold to Bain Capital in 2018 and renamed Centrient Pharmaceuticals); produces 6-APA, 7-ADCA (cephalosporin nucleus), and other beta-lactam antibiotic APIs at manufacturing plants in China (Jiangxi and Hebei) and the Netherlands (Delft). Centrient is the world's 2nd or 3rd-largest 6-APA producer. The company's ownership history reflects the globalization of antibiotic manufacturing: Dutch chemicals heritage (DSM), Chinese state enterprise partnership (Sinochem), and private equity management (Bain Capital). Centrient markets its APIs for amoxicillin, ampicillin, and other penicillins to generic pharmaceutical companies worldwide.
Chinese pharmaceutical API manufacturer (HQ Jiangxi Province; part of Sinopharm/China National Pharmaceutical Group structure); produces penicillin G, 6-APA, and downstream semi-synthetic penicillin APIs. Jiangxi Guoyao represents the Chinese provincial pharmaceutical industry that produces the majority of global antibiotic APIs — a network of state-linked pharmaceutical manufacturers concentrated in Hebei, Jiangxi, and Shandong provinces that produce most of the world's penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin.
