Bulk liquid oxygen storage tanks (dewars/vessels)

LP/cryogenic gas valves, regulators and fittings.

World's largest industrial gas company; provides gas odorant distribution and blending services globally including ethyl mercaptan. Air Liquide distributes and markets mercaptan gas odorants to LPG and natural gas utilities. Also a leading producer of industrial gases (oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, noble gases) for healthcare, industry, and energy. Air Liquide is listed among the top ethyl mercaptan market participants; primarily as a specialty gas blender/distributor rather than a primary mercaptan chemical producer.

Air Products and Chemicals (NYSE: APD; Allentown, PA; ~$12B revenue) licenses the APCI (Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.) natural gas liquefaction process technology used in many small- and mid-scale LNG liquefaction trains worldwide, including utility peak-shaving plants. The APCI propane pre-cooled mixed refrigerant (C3MR) process dominates large baseload LNG export trains globally (used in >90% of world's baseload LNG capacity), but Air Products also licenses adapted cycles for smaller peak-shaving applications. Air Products competes with Linde Engineering for small-scale liquefaction process technology licensing. Air Products is also the world's largest industrial gas producer, supplying nitrogen and other gases used in LNG facility construction and purging.

Chart Industries (NYSE: GTLS; Ball Ground, GA; ~$4B revenue post-Howden) is the world's dominant manufacturer of cryogenic equipment for LNG, including peak-shaving plant liquefiers, brazed aluminum heat exchangers (BAHX), cold boxes, storage tanks, and LNG vaporizers. Chart's Industrial & Commercial Energy (ICE) division is the primary vendor for utility LNG peak-shaving plant equipment in North America. Chart acquired Howden (Glasgow-based industrial compressor and fan manufacturer) in 2023 for $4.4B, adding compression technology to its cryogenic heat exchanger and storage portfolio — making Chart a near-complete LNG equipment systems integrator. Chart also produces the CAIRE/MVE biomedical cryogenic cylinders and acquired La Crosse Cooler and other brands. The La Crosse, WI cryogenic division manufactures vacuum-insulated storage vessels. Chart is the single most critical equipment supplier for US utility LNG peak-shaving — if a New England utility needs to expand or replace a peak-shaving liquefier, Chart is essentially the only qualified domestic source.

Linde plc (NYSE/FWB: LIN; HQ Dublin, Ireland; operational HQ Guildford UK; ~$32B revenue 2023) is the world's largest industrial gas company. Linde owns and operates one of the two largest liquid oxygen cryogenic tanker fleets globally — thousands of vacuum-insulated trailers delivering LOX to hospitals, steel mills, chemical plants, and semiconductor fabs in 80+ countries. Linde does not primarily manufacture its own tankers (purchases from Chart Industries and other OEMs) but specifies custom vacuum-insulated designs for its fleet. Linde's medical oxygen business (hospital LOX supply) is the dominant fleet use case. Linde also supplies liquid oxygen rocket propellant to aerospace customers including NASA and commercial launch operators.

Dominant US propane cylinder manufacturer (~40% US market); produces full range of DOT/ASME-spec propane vessels from 1-lb portable to 1,000-gallon residential tanks. Manufacturing in Monroe OH (primary cylinders plant), Westerville OH, and other US locations. Also manufactures industrial gas cylinders (welding oxygen, acetylene), military high-pressure vessels, and medical oxygen tanks from the same pressurized vessel manufacturing platform. 2021 steel shortage caused 23-week lead times for all tank sizes (per Worthington sales director to NPGA). Recalled propane exchange tanks in 2023-2024 per CPSC notice. Worthington spun off its steel processing business in 2023 as Worthington Steel — now Worthington Enterprises focuses on building products including cylinders.