pharmaceutical · input
Malaria vaccines represent a breakthrough after decades of failed development. Two WHO-approved vaccines: RTS,S/AS01B (Mosquirix, GSK) approved 2021 using AS01B adjuvant, and R21/Matrix-M (Oxford/SII) approved 2023. R21/Matrix-M achieved ~75% efficacy in Phase 3 trials — the first malaria vaccine to hit WHO's 75% efficacy target. Production is bottlenecked by Matrix-M adjuvant supply (from Quillaja saponaria tree bark, produced by Novavax in Sweden) and SII's fermentation capacity for the R21 antigen. Demand: ~100M doses/year needed for WHO target coverage in sub-Saharan Africa. Serum Institute of India is the sole authorized manufacturer of R21/Matrix-M at scale.
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Source countries
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Companies
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Goods affected
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Claims on record
Where it comes from
Share of global supply, by country.
| Country | Share of supply |
|---|---|
| INIndia | 55% |
| BEBelgium | 40% |
| USUnited States | 5% |
Who makes it
3 companies produce malaria vaccine (r21/matrix-m, rts,s).
World's largest vaccine manufacturer by dose volume — ~1.9–2.0 billion doses/year as of 2023, representing ~60% of global vaccine production. Produces routine childhood vaccines (polio, measles, DTP, BCG), COVID vaccines, and others for Gavi-eligible markets. Single-site concentration risk in Pune.
Developer and sole manufacturer of RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix) malaria vaccine; Rixensart Belgium production; 30+ years development; licensed at non-profit price for Africa
Gaithersburg Maryland; owns Matrix-M adjuvant technology used in R21 vaccine; Matrix-M is a key component enabling R21 immunogenicity; also produces COVID-19 vaccine with same adjuvant platform
