Diesel and Heavy Fuel Oil (underground mining and backup power)

One of the world's largest oil and gas companies; major US and global sulfur producer as a Claus Process refinery byproduct. Key US refining locations: Baytown, Texas (largest US refinery complex); Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Beaumont, Texas. Also major international refiner (Antwerp, Rotterdam). USGS listed as one of leading US recovered sulfur producers. Also holds 25% of Tengizchevroil (TCO) in Kazakhstan, making it indirectly a significant producer of high-sulfur crude and associated sulfur. Acquired Pioneer Natural Resources 2024 (~$60B), largest US oil deal since Exxon-Mobil merger.

South African integrated energy and chemicals company (JSE/NYSE-listed); unique in the LAB market for using Fischer-Tropsch (FT) wax cracking to produce its own normal paraffins (NP) — the LAB feedstock — rather than sourcing from oil refineries. Sasol operated LAB plants in Lake Charles, Louisiana (USA) and Augusta, Sicily (Italy); both were mothballed in Q2-Q3 2025 due to 'decline in competitiveness due to energy costs in Europe and market oversupply.' Also produces synthetic fuels, commodity chemicals, and specialty chemicals from coal- and gas-based FT processes in South Africa.

Shell plc (London; LSE/NYSE: SHEL; market cap ~$200B) is a major global natural gas producer and the operator of record for the Groningen gas field (Netherlands) — once the largest natural gas field in Europe with reserves of ~2.8 tcm. Shell (through NAM, a 50/50 joint venture with ExxonMobil) has operated Groningen since 1963. Groningen production was progressively phased down after induced seismicity (earthquakes, 3.5+ Richter) in Groningen province caused structural damage to tens of thousands of homes and generated sustained public opposition. The Dutch government ordered accelerated closure; Groningen production ceased entirely in October 2023 — removing the EU's primary domestic gas supply buffer. Shell also operates the Prelude Floating LNG (FLNG) facility off northwest Australia (world's largest FLNG vessel, 3.6 mtpa), and holds significant gas positions in UK North Sea, Permian Basin, and offshore Brunei.

French integrated energy and petrochemical company (NYSE: TTE, HQ Paris). TotalEnergies produces n-hexane at the Gonfreville (Normandy, France) and Antwerp (Belgium) refinery complexes. TotalEnergies' Petrochemicals division supplies European hexane markets for oilseed extraction (French/EU canola oil, sunflower oil crushing) and pharmaceutical solvent use. The Gonfreville refinery (Norman Refining, ~246,000 bpd) is one of France's largest. TotalEnergies' hexane is food-grade certified for EU markets where canola (rapeseed) and sunflower oil crushing uses hexane extraction extensively.