Process water (froth flotation)

Chilean-focused copper miner (Luksic group); built the Los Pelambres and Centinela seawater desalination plants and high-altitude water pipelines to run Atacama mines.

BHP Group (ASX/LSE/NYSE: BHP; HQ Melbourne; ~$55B revenue) is the world's largest mining company by market capitalization and a critical node in global process water infrastructure. BHP's Escondida copper mine (Atacama Desert, Chile) — the world's single largest copper mine, producing ~5% of global copper supply — required a $3.4 billion seawater desalination plant (Escondida Water Supply desalination facility, Punta Patache, Antofagasta coast) to pump desalinated seawater ~170 km and 3,500 meters in elevation to the mine. Escondida now recycles ~75% of process water and is transitioning to seawater-only operations. BHP's Olympic Dam mine (South Australia) is the world's largest known uranium deposit and requires water from the Great Artesian Basin (world's largest confined groundwater aquifer) — a different but equally critical water dependency. BHP operates across two of the world's most consequential water-constrained mining regions.

Codelco (100% Chilean state-owned; HQ Santiago; ~$15B revenue) is the world's largest copper producer and the operator of Chile's most iconic copper mines — Chuquicamata, El Teniente, and Andina — all in high-altitude Atacama Desert regions facing severe water stress. Codelco's mines collectively consume billions of liters of water per year from the Atacama's scarce freshwater resources (rivers, aquifers) that are simultaneously needed by indigenous communities (Atacameño people) and the Atacama's extreme-endemic ecosystem. Codelco is investing in seawater desalination and water recycling to reduce freshwater dependency under pressure from Chile's 2022 National Water Strategy and reformed Water Code, which tightened water rights allocation. Codelco's water sourcing decisions are intertwined with Chilean government policy — as a state-owned enterprise, Codelco's water use is both a commercial question and a public sovereignty question.

Veolia Environnement (Euronext: VIE; HQ Aubervilliers, France; ~€45B revenue) is the world's largest industrial water treatment company following its 2022 merger with SUEZ, which was its closest competitor. Veolia's water division designs, builds, and operates industrial water treatment systems — reverse osmosis (RO) desalination, ultrafiltration, biological treatment, zero liquid discharge (ZLD) — for mining clients globally. Veolia serves BHP, Rio Tinto, Codelco, Newmont, and Freeport-McMoRan among others, providing water recycling and treatment at mines in arid regions (Atacama, Australia, southern Africa). After absorbing SUEZ in 2022, Veolia became the unambiguous dominant player in industrial water treatment with no remaining near-peer competitor. Veolia also provides municipal water concessions in 50+ countries, making it the single firm that bridges industrial mining water treatment with public utility water supply — creating dual-use know-how and infrastructure overlap.