§987 — Title 10 Armed Forces | U.S. Code

Summary

Stops lenders from charging service members and their covered family members unfair credit costs. Lenders may only charge interest if it is part of the loan agreement, allowed by law, and not blocked by these rules. The total annual percentage rate (APR) on consumer credit to a covered member or dependent cannot be more than 36 percent. Before giving credit (including online loans), lenders must tell the borrower the APR, give the Truth in Lending disclosures, and explain payment terms both orally and in writing. Federal rules here override other laws that conflict, but state or federal laws that give more protection still apply. States may not let lenders charge covered members higher rates than the state limit or remove protections because someone is in the military or lives elsewhere. Lists several lender practices that are illegal when used with covered members or their dependents. Lenders cannot roll over or refinance a borrower’s debt with new credit from the same lender in a way that traps the borrower. They cannot force the borrower to give up legal rights (including rights under the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act), force arbitration, demand unreasonable notices, take direct access to a bank account or a vehicle title as security, require repayment by allotment, or ban or charge a fee for prepaying the loan. Breaking these rules can be criminally punished by a fine and/or up to one year in jail. Borrowers can sue for actual damages (but at least $500 per violation), punitive or other relief, and attorney fees and costs. A lender can avoid civil liability if it proves the violation was an unintentional bona fide error and it kept reasonable procedures. Lawsuits must start by the earlier of two years after the borrower discovers the violation or five years after it happened. The Defense Department must make rules that explain required disclosures, how to compute APR, what fees are allowed and how to show them, and who counts as a creditor or consumer credit. Covered member = active duty over 30 days or on active Guard/Reserve duty. Dependent, interest, APR, creditor, and consumer credit are defined by those rules (with some loans, like mortgages and certain car or item purchase loans, excluded).

Title 10, §987

Armed Forces — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)A creditor who extends consumer credit to a covered member of the armed forces or a dependent of such a member shall not require the member or dependent to pay interest with respect to the extension of such credit, except as—

(1)agreed to under the terms of the credit agreement or promissory note;

(2)authorized by applicable State or Federal law; and

(3)not specifically prohibited by this section.

(b)A creditor described in subsection (a) may not impose an annual percentage rate of interest greater than 36 percent with respect to the consumer credit extended to a covered member or a dependent of a covered member.

(c)(1)With respect to any extension of consumer credit (including any consumer credit originated or extended through the internet) to a covered member or a dependent of a covered member, a creditor shall provide to the member or dependent the following information orally and in writing before the issuance of the credit:

(A)A statement of the annual percentage rate of interest applicable to the extension of credit.

(B)Any disclosures required under the Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.).

(C)A clear description of the payment obligations of the member or dependent, as applicable.

(2)Such disclosures shall be presented in accordance with terms prescribed by the regulations issued by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to implement the Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.).

(d)(1)Except as provided in subsection (f)(2), this section preempts any State or Federal law, rule, or regulation, including any State usury law, to the extent that such law, rule, or regulation is inconsistent with this section, except that this section shall not preempt any such law, rule, or regulation that provides protection to a covered member or a dependent of such a member in addition to the protection provided by this section.

(2)States shall not—

(A)authorize creditors to charge covered members and their dependents annual percentage rates of interest for any consumer credit or loans higher than the legal limit for residents of the State; or

(B)permit violation or waiver of any State consumer lending protections covering consumer credit for the benefit of residents of the State on the basis of nonresident or military status of a covered member or dependent of such a member, regardless of the member’s or dependent’s domicile or permanent home of record.

(e)It shall be unlawful for any creditor to extend consumer credit to a covered member or a dependent of such a member with respect to which—

(1)the creditor rolls over, renews, repays, refinances, or consolidates any consumer credit extended to the borrower by the same creditor with the proceeds of other credit extended to the same covered member or a dependent;

(2)the borrower is required to waive the borrower’s right to legal recourse under any otherwise applicable provision of State or Federal law, including any provision of the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (50 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.);

(3)the creditor requires the borrower to submit to arbitration or imposes onerous legal notice provisions in the case of a dispute;

(4)the creditor demands unreasonable notice from the borrower as a condition for legal action;

(5)the creditor uses a check or other method of access to a deposit, savings, or other financial account maintained by the borrower, or the title of a vehicle as security for the obligation;

(6)the creditor requires as a condition for the extension of credit that the borrower establish an allotment to repay an obligation; or

(7)the borrower is prohibited from prepaying the loan or is charged a penalty or fee for prepaying all or part of the loan.

(f)(1)A creditor who knowingly violates this section shall be fined as provided in title 18, or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.

(2)The remedies and rights provided under this section are in addition to and do not preclude any remedy otherwise available under law to the person claiming relief under this section, including any award for consequential and punitive damages.

(3)Any credit agreement, promissory note, or other contract prohibited under this section is void from the inception of such contract.

(4)Notwithstanding section 2 of title 9, or any other Federal or State law, rule, or regulation, no agreement to arbitrate any dispute involving the extension of consumer credit shall be enforceable against any covered member or dependent of such a member, or any person who was a covered member or dependent of that member when the agreement was made.

(5)(A)A person who violates this section with respect to any person is civilly liable to such person for—

(i)any actual damage sustained as a result, but not less than $500 for each violation;

(ii)appropriate punitive damages;

(iii)appropriate equitable or declaratory relief; and

(iv)any other relief provided by law.

(B)In any successful action to enforce the civil liability described in subparagraph (A), the person who violated this section is also liable for the costs of the action, together with reasonable attorney fees as determined by the court.

(C)In any successful action by a defendant under this section, if the court finds the action was brought in bad faith and for the purpose of harassment, the plaintiff is liable for the attorney fees of the defendant as determined by the court to be reasonable in relation to the work expended and costs incurred.

(D)A person may not be held liable for civil liability under this paragraph if the person shows by a preponderance of evidence that the violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding the maintenance of procedures reasonably adapted to avoid any such error. Examples of a bona fide error include clerical, calculation, computer malfunction and programming, and printing errors, except that an error of legal judgment with respect to a person’s obligations under this section is not a bona fide error.

(E)An action for civil liability under this paragraph may be brought in any appropriate United States district court, without regard to the amount in controversy, or in any other court of competent jurisdiction, not later than the earlier of—

(i)two years after the date of discovery by the plaintiff of the violation that is the basis for such liability; or

(ii)five years after the date on which the violation that is the basis for such liability occurs.

(6)The provisions of this section (other than paragraph (1) of this subsection) shall be enforced by the agencies specified in section 108 of the Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1607) in the manner set forth in that section or under any other applicable authorities available to such agencies by law.

(g)Nothing in this section may be construed to limit or otherwise affect the applicability of section 207 of the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (50 U.S.C. 3937).

(h)(1)The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe regulations to carry out this section.

(2)Such regulations shall establish the following:

(A)Disclosures required of any creditor that extends consumer credit to a covered member or dependent of such a member.

(B)The method for calculating the applicable annual percentage rate of interest on such obligations, in accordance with the limit established under this section.

(C)A maximum allowable amount of all fees, and the types of fees, associated with any such extension of credit, to be expressed and disclosed to the borrower as a total amount and as a percentage of the principal amount of the obligation, at the time at which the transaction is entered into.

(D)Definitions of “creditor” under paragraph (5) and “consumer credit” under paragraph (6) of subsection (i), consistent with the provisions of this section.

(E)Such other criteria or limitations as the Secretary of Defense determines appropriate, consistent with the provisions of this section.

(3)In prescribing regulations under this subsection, and not less often than once every two years thereafter, the Secretary of Defense shall consult with the following:

(A)The Federal Trade Commission.

(B)The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

(C)The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.

(D)The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

(E)The Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection.

(F)The National Credit Union Administration.

(G)The Treasury Department.

(i)In this section:

(1)The term “covered member” means a member of the armed forces who is—

(A)on active duty under a call or order that does not specify a period of 30 days or less; or

(B)on active Guard and Reserve Duty.

(2)The term “dependent”, with respect to a covered member, means a person described in subparagraph (A), (D), (E), or (I) of section 1072(2) of this title.

(3)The term “interest” includes all cost elements associated with the extension of credit, including fees, service charges, renewal charges, credit insurance premiums, any ancillary product sold with any extension of credit to a servicemember or the servicemember’s dependent, as applicable, and any other charge or premium with respect to the extension of consumer credit.

(4)The term “annual percentage rate” has the same meaning as in section 107 of the Truth and Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1606), as implemented by regulations of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For purposes of this section, such term includes all fees and charges, including charges and fees for single premium credit insurance and other ancillary products sold in connection with the credit transaction, and such fees and charges shall be included in the calculation of the annual percentage rate.

(5)The term “creditor” means a person—

(A)who—

(i)is engaged in the business of extending consumer credit; and

(ii)meets such additional criteria as are specified for such purpose in regulations prescribed under this section; or

(B)who is an assignee of a person described in subparagraph (A) with respect to any consumer credit extended.

(6)The term “consumer credit” has the meaning provided for such term in regulations prescribed under this section, except that such term does not include (A) a residential mortgage, or (B) a loan procured in the course of purchasing a car or other personal property, when that loan is offered for the express purpose of financing the purchase and is secured by the car or personal property procured.

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Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Truth in Lending Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(B), (2), is title I of Pub. L. 90–321, May 29, 1968, 82 Stat. 146, which is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 1601 et seq.) of chapter 41 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 1601 of Title 15 and Tables. The Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(2), is act Oct. 17, 1940, ch. 888, 54 Stat. 1178, which is classified generally to chapter 50 (§ 3901 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 3901 of Title 50 and Tables.

Amendments

2016—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 114–328, § 1081(b)(2)(A)(i), inserted “(50 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.)” before semicolon at end. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 114–328, § 1081(b)(2)(A)(ii), substituted “(50 U.S.C. 3937)” for “(50 U.S.C. App. 527)”. 2013—Subsec. (d)(2)(A). Pub. L. 112–239, § 661(a)(1), inserted “any consumer credit or” before “loans”. Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 112–239, § 661(a)(2), inserted “covering consumer credit” after “State consumer lending protections”. Subsec. (f)(5), (6). Pub. L. 112–239, § 662(a), (b), added pars. (5) and (6). Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 112–239, § 661(b)(1), inserted “and not less often than once every two years thereafter,” after “under this subsection,” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (h)(3)(E). Pub. L. 112–239, § 661(b)(2), added subpar. (E) and struck out former subpar. (E) which read as follows: “The Office of Thrift Supervision.” Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 112–239, § 663, amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) defined the term “dependent”.

note above).

§987 Terms of Consumer Credit Extended to Members and Dependents: Limitations

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