Title 16, ConservationRelease 119-110
§1862 North Pacific Fisheries Conservation
Title 16 › CHAPTER 38 — FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT › SUBCHAPTER IV — NATIONAL FISHERY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM › § 1862
Summary
The North Pacific Council can make a fisheries research plan, with the Secretary’s input, for its fisheries except salmon. The plan can require observers or electronic monitoring on some or all fishing boats and U.S. fish processors to collect data. It can also set up a fee system to pay for observers, data entry, and any risk-sharing pool. The plan must gather reliable data, be fair, follow the law, and consider fishing operations and safety. Fees must not be more than the actual costs described, must be fair, cannot pay general overhead, and can be a fixed amount or up to 2 percent of the unprocessed ex-vessel value of the catch. Fees go into the North Pacific Fishery Observer Fund in the U.S. Treasury and can only be used for the plan. The Secretary has 60 days after getting a plan to send it back with comments or publish proposed rules, must hold public hearings in each State on the Council, and must publish final rules within 45 days after public comment. The Secretary must also study and, if feasible, create a risk-sharing pool or allow commercial insurance to cover observer liability. The Council must submit measures to reduce economic discards each year for at least four years. The Council and Secretary may use fines up to $25,000 per vessel per season as an incentive to cut bycatch; fines go into the Observer Fund to help reduce bycatch and to help Alaska with fishery costs. The Council must also submit plans for full catch measurement by June 1, 1997 and a weighing plan to Congress by January 1, 1998 if needed. By October 1, 1998 the Council must report on requiring full retention and use of economic discards. For Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands crab, the Secretary must approve and implement the Voluntary Three-Pie Cooperative Program by January 1, 2005 (with $1,000,000 available each year until fully implemented). The Secretary will work with DOJ and the FTC to guard against antitrust violations and can revoke individual processing quotas for illegal conduct.
Full Legal Text
Title 16, §1862
Conservation, Source: USLM XML via OLRC
(a)In general
The North Pacific Council may prepare, in consultation with the Secretary, a fisheries research plan for any fishery under the Council’s jurisdiction except a salmon fishery which—
(1)requires that observers be stationed on fishing vessels engaged in the catching, taking, or harvesting of fish and on United States fish processors fishing for or processing species under the jurisdiction of the Council, including the Northern Pacific halibut fishery, for the purpose of collecting data necessary for the conservation, management, and scientific understanding of any fisheries under the Council’s jurisdiction; and
(2)establishes a system, or system, of fees, which may vary by fishery, management area, or observer coverage level, to pay for the cost of implementing the plan.
(b)Standards
(1)Any plan or plan amendment prepared under this section shall be reasonably calculated to—
(A)gather reliable data, by stationing observers on all or a statistically reliable sample of the fishing vessels and United States fish processors included in the plan, necessary for the conservation, management, and scientific understanding of the fisheries covered by the plan;
(B)be fair and equitable to all vessels and processors;
(C)be consistent with applicable provisions of law; and
(D)take into consideration the operating requirements of the fisheries and the safety of observers and fishermen.
(2)Any system of fees established under this section shall—
(A)provide that the total amount of fees collected under this section not exceed the combined cost of (i) stationing observers, or electronic monitoring systems, on board fishing vessels and United States fish processors, (ii) the actual cost of inputting collected data, and (iii) assessments necessary for a risk-sharing pool implemented under subsection (e) of this section, less any amount received for such purpose from another source or from an existing surplus in the North Pacific Fishery Observer Fund established in subsection (d) of this section;
(B)be fair and equitable to all participants in the fisheries under the jurisdiction of the Council, including the Northern Pacific halibut fishery;
(C)provide that fees collected not be used to pay any costs of administrative overhead or other costs not directly incurred in carrying out the plan;
(D)not be used to offset amounts authorized under other provisions of law;
(E)be expressed as a fixed amount reflecting actual observer costs as described in subparagraph (A) or a percentage, not to exceed 2 percent, of the unprocessed ex-vessel value of fish and shellfish harvested under the jurisdiction of the Council, including the Northern Pacific halibut fishery;
(F)be assessed against some or all fishing vessels and United States fish processors, including those not required to carry an observer or an electronic monitoring system under the plan, participating in fisheries under the jurisdiction of the Council, including the Northern Pacific halibut fishery;
(G)provide that fees collected will be deposited in the North Pacific Fishery Observer Fund established under subsection (d) of this section;
(H)provide that fees collected will only be used for implementing the plan established under this section;
(I)provide that fees collected will be credited against any fee for stationing observers or electronic monitoring systems on board fishing vessels and United States fish processors and the actual cost of inputting collected data to which a fishing vessel or fish processor is subject under section 1854(d) of this title; and
(J)meet the requirements of section 9701(b) of title 31.
(c)Action by Secretary
(1)Within 60 days after receiving a plan or plan amendment from the North Pacific Council under this section, the Secretary shall review such plan or plan amendment and either (A) remand such plan or plan amendment to the Council with comments if it does not meet the requirements of this section, or (B) publish in the Federal Register proposed regulations for implementing such plan or plan amendment.
(2)During the 60-day public comment period, the Secretary shall conduct a public hearing in each State represented on the Council for the purpose of receiving public comments on the proposed regulations.
(3)Within 45 days of the close of the public comment period, the Secretary, in consultation with the Council, shall analyze the public comment received and publish final regulations for implementing such plan.
(4)If the Secretary remands a plan or plan amendment to the Council for failure to meet the requirements of this section, the Council may resubmit such plan or plan amendment at any time after taking action the Council believes will address the defects identified by the Secretary. Any plan or plan amendment resubmitted to the Secretary will be treated as an original plan submitted to the Secretary under paragraph (1) of this subsection.
(d)Fishery Observer Fund
There is established in the Treasury a North Pacific Fishery Observer Fund. The Fund shall be available, without appropriation or fiscal year limitation, only to the Secretary for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this section, subject to the restrictions in subsection (b)(2) of this section. The Fund shall consist of all monies deposited into it in accordance with this section. Sums in the Fund that are not currently needed for the purposes of this section shall be kept on deposit or invested in obligations of, or guaranteed by, the United States.
(e)Special provisions regarding observers
(1)The Secretary shall review—
(A)the feasibility of establishing a risk sharing pool through a reasonable fee, subject to the limitations of subsection (b)(2)(E) of this section, to provide coverage for vessels and owners against liability from civil suits by observers, and
(B)the availability of comprehensive commercial insurance for vessel and owner liability against civil suits by observers.
(2)If the Secretary determines that a risk sharing pool is feasible, the Secretary shall establish such a pool, subject to the provisions of subsection (b)(2) of this section, unless the Secretary determines that—
(A)comprehensive commercial insurance is available for all fishing vessels and United States fish processors required to have observers under the provisions of this section, and
(B)such comprehensive commercial insurance will provide a greater measure of coverage at a lower cost to each participant.
(f)Bycatch reduction
In implementing section 1853(a)(11) of this title and this section, the North Pacific Council shall submit conservation and management measures to lower, on an annual basis for a period of not less than four years, the total amount of economic discards occurring in the fisheries under its jurisdiction.
(g)Bycatch reduction incentives
(1)Notwithstanding section 1854(d) of this title, the North Pacific Council may submit, and the Secretary may approve, consistent with the provisions of this chapter, a system of fines in a fishery to provide incentives to reduce bycatch and bycatch rates; except that such fines shall not exceed $25,000 per vessel per season. Any fines collected shall be deposited in the North Pacific Fishery Observer Fund, and may be made available by the Secretary to offset costs related to the reduction of bycatch in the fishery from which such fines were derived, including conservation and management measures and research, and to the State of Alaska to offset costs incurred by the State in the fishery from which such penalties were derived or in fisheries in which the State is directly involved in management or enforcement and which are directly affected by the fishery from which such penalties were derived.
(2)(A)Notwithstanding section 1853(d) of this title, and in addition to the authority provided in section 1853(b)(10) of this title, the North Pacific Council may submit, and the Secretary may approve, conservation and management measures which provide allocations of regulatory discards to individual fishing vessels as an incentive to reduce per vessel bycatch and bycatch rates in a fishery, Provided, That—
(i)such allocations may not be transferred for monetary consideration and are made only on an annual basis; and
(ii)any such conservation and management measures will meet the requirements of subsection (h) and will result in an actual reduction in regulatory discards in the fishery.
(B)The North Pacific Council may submit restrictions in addition to the restriction imposed by clause (i) of subparagraph (A) on the transferability of any such allocations, and the Secretary may approve such recommendation.
(h)Catch measurement
(1)By June 1, 1997 the North Pacific Council shall submit, and the Secretary may approve, consistent with the other provisions of this chapter, conservation and management measures to ensure total catch measurement in each fishery under the jurisdiction of such Council. Such measures shall ensure the accurate enumeration, at a minimum, of target species, economic discards, and regulatory discards.
(2)To the extent the measures submitted under paragraph (1) do not require United States fish processors and fish processing vessels (as defined in chapter 21 of title 46) to weigh fish, the North Pacific Council and the Secretary shall submit a plan to the Congress by January 1, 1998, to allow for weighing, including recommendations to assist such processors and processing vessels in acquiring necessary equipment, unless the Council determines that such weighing is not necessary to meet the requirements of this subsection.
(i)Full retention and utilization
(1)The North Pacific Council shall submit to the Secretary by October 1, 1998 a report on the advisability of requiring the full retention by fishing vessels and full utilization by United States fish processors of economic discards in fisheries under its jurisdiction if such economic discards, or the mortality of such economic discards, cannot be avoided. The report shall address the projected impacts of such requirements on participants in the fishery and describe any full retention and full utilization requirements that have been implemented.
(2)The report shall address the advisability of measures to minimize processing waste, including standards setting minimum percentages which must be processed for human consumption. For the purpose of the report, “processing waste” means that portion of any fish which is processed and which could be used for human consumption or other commercial use, but which is not so used.
(j)Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands crab rationalization
(1)By not later than January 1, 2005, the Secretary shall approve and hereafter implement by regulation the Voluntary Three-Pie Cooperative Program for crab fisheries of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands approved by the North Pacific Fishery Management Council between June 2002 and April 2003, and all trailing amendments including those reported to Congress on May 6, 2003. This section shall not preclude the Secretary from approving by January 1, 2005, and implementing any subsequent program amendments approved by the Council.
(2)Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, in carrying out paragraph (1) the Secretary shall approve all parts of the Program referred to in such paragraph. Further, no part of such Program may be implemented if, as approved by the North Pacific Fishery Management Council, individual fishing quotas, processing quotas, community development quota allocation, voluntary cooperatives, binding arbitration, regional landing and processing requirements, community protections, economic data collection, or the loan program for crab fishing vessel captains and crew members, is invalidated subject to a judicial determination not subject to judicial appeal. If the Secretary determines that a processor has leveraged its Individual Processor Quota shares to acquire a harvesters open-delivery “B shares”, the processor’s Individual Processor Quota shares shall be forfeited.
(3)Subsequent to implementation pursuant to paragraph (1), the Council may submit and the Secretary may implement changes to or repeal of conservation and management measures, including measures authorized in this section, for crab fisheries of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands in accordance with applicable law, including this chapter as amended by this subsection, to achieve on a continuing basis the purposes identified by the Council.
(4)The loan program referred to in paragraph (2) shall be carried out pursuant to the authority of section 53735 and 53702(b) of title 46.
(5)For purposes of implementing this section $1,000,000 shall be made available each year until fully implemented from funds otherwise made available to the National Marine Fisheries Service for Alaska fisheries activities.
(6)Nothing in this chapter shall constitute a waiver, either express or implied, of the antitrust laws of the United States. The Secretary, in consultation with the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission, shall develop and implement a mandatory information collection and review process to provide any and all information necessary for the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission to determine whether any illegal acts of anti-competition, anti-trust, or price collusion have occurred among persons receiving individual processing quotas under the Program. The Secretary may revoke any individual processing quota held by any person found to have violated a provision of the antitrust laws of the United States.
(7)An individual processing quota issued under the Program shall be considered a permit for the purposes of section 1857, 1858, and 1859 of this title, and may be revoked or limited at any time in accordance with this chapter. Issuance of an individual processing quota under the program shall not confer any right of compensation to the holder of such individual processing quota if it is revoked or limited and shall not create, or be construed to create, any right, title, or interest in or to any fish before the fish is purchased from an individual fishing quota holder.
(8)The restriction on the collection of economic data in section 1853 of this title shall not apply with respect to any fish processor who is eligible for, or who has received, individual processing quota under the Program. The restriction on the disclosure of information in section 1881a(b)(1) of this title shall not apply when the information is used to determine eligibility for or compliance with an individual processing quota program.
(9)The provisions of section 1858, 1860, and 1861 of this title shall apply to the processing facilities and fish products of any person holding individual processing quota, and the provisions of subparagraphs (D), (E), and (L) of section 1857(l) of this title shall apply to any facility owned or controlled by a person holding individual processing quota.
Legislative History
Notes & Related Subsidiaries
Editorial Notes
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (g)(1), (h)(1), and (j)(2), (3), (6), (7), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 94–265, Apr. 13, 1976, 90 Stat. 331, known as the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see
Short Title
note set out under section 1801 of this title and Tables. Hereafter, referred to in subsec. (j)(1), probably means on and after the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–199, which enacted subsec. (j) of this section and was approved Jan. 23, 2004. Codification In subsec. (j)(4), “section 53735 and 53702(b) of title 46” substituted for “section 1111 and 1112 of title XI of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 U.S.C. App. 1279f, 1279g)” on authority of Pub. L. 109–304, § 18(c), Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1709, which Act enacted section 53702 and 53735 of Title 46, Shipping.
Amendments
2007—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–479, § 214(1), substituted “any fishery under the Council’s jurisdiction except a salmon fishery” for “all fisheries under the Council’s jurisdiction except salmon fisheries” in introductory provisions. Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 109–479, § 214(2), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “establishes a system of fees to pay for the costs of implementing the plan.” Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–479, § 214(3), substituted “observers, or electronic monitoring systems,” for “observers”. Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 109–479, § 214(4), inserted “a fixed amount reflecting actual observer costs as described in subparagraph (A) or” after “expressed as”. Subsec. (b)(2)(F). Pub. L. 109–479, § 214(5), (6), inserted “some or” after “against” and “or an electronic monitoring system” after “observer”. Subsec. (b)(2)(I), (J). Pub. L. 109–479, § 214(7), (8), added subpar. (I) and redesignated former subpar. (I) as (J). 2004—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 108–199 added subsec. (j). 1996—Pub. L. 104–297, § 117(a)(1), substituted “conservation” for “research plan” in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–297, § 117(a)(2), substituted “North Pacific Council” for “North Pacific Fishery Management Council” in introductory provisions. Subsecs. (f) to (i). Pub. L. 104–297, § 117(a)(3), added subsecs. (f) to (i). 1992—Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 102–582 substituted “2 percent, of the unprocessed ex-vessel” for “one percentum, of the”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Fees Pub. L. 117–328, div. S, title I, § 106, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5260, provided that: “(a) In General.—The North Pacific Fishery Management Council may recommend, and the Secretary of Commerce may approve,
Regulations
necessary for the collection of fees from charter vessel operators who guide recreational anglers who harvest Pacific halibut in International Pacific Halibut Commission regulatory areas 2C and 3A as those terms are defined in part 300 of title 50, Code of Federal
Regulations
(or any successor
Regulations
). “(b) Use of Fees.—Any fees collected under this section shall be available for the purposes of—“(1) financing administrative costs of the Recreational Quota Entity program; “(2) the purchase of halibut quota shares in International Pacific Halibut Commission regulatory areas 2C and 3A by the recreational quota entity authorized in part 679 of title 50, Code of Federal
Regulations
(or any successor
Regulations
); “(3) halibut conservation and research; and “(4) promotion of the halibut resource by the recreational quota entity authorized in part 679 of title 50, Code of Federal
Regulations
(or any successor
Regulations
). “(c) Limitation on Collection and Availability.—Fees shall be collected and available pursuant to this section only to the extent and in such amounts as provided in advance in appropriations Acts, subject to subsection (d). “(d) Fee Collected During Start-up Period.—Notwithstanding subsection (c), fees may be collected through the date of enactment of an Act making appropriations for the activities authorized under this Act [div. S of Pub. L. 117–328] through September 30, 2023, and shall be available for obligation and remain available until expended.”
Reference
Citations & Metadata
Citation
16 U.S.C. § 1862
Title 16, Conservation
Last Updated
Sep 23, 2026
Release point: 119-110