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Title 16 — ConservationRelease 119-73not60

§2407 Civil Penalties

Title 16 › Chapter 44— ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION › § 2407

Last updated Apr 5, 2026|Official source

Summary

The Director can make a person pay a civil fine if, after getting notice and a hearing, the person is found to have done a forbidden act under section 2403(a) or broken rules made under section 2406. The fine can be up to $5,000 for each violation, or up to $10,000 for each violation if it was done knowingly. Each day a wrong condition continues counts as a separate violation. The Director gives the fine in writing and can reduce or cancel it. Hearings follow federal hearing rules. The Director can require witnesses and papers, give oaths, and pay witness fees and travel. If someone refuses a subpoena, a federal district court can order them to comply and punish contempt. If a fined person won’t pay, the Director can ask the Attorney General to sue in federal court where the person is found, lives, or does business; the court reviews the record and will keep the Director’s decision if the record has enough evidence. A fine here does not stop other fines under laws like the Marine Mammal Protection Act, the Endangered Species Act, or the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.

Full Legal Text

Title 16, §2407

Conservation — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)Any person who is found by the Director, after notice and opportunity for a hearing in accordance with subsection (b), to have committed any act prohibited by section 2403(a) of this title or to have violated any regulation prescribed under section 2406 of this title shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty. The amount of the civil penalty shall not exceed $5,000 for each violation unless the prohibited act was knowingly committed, in which case the amount of the civil penalty shall not exceed $10,000 for each violation. Each day of a continuing violation shall constitute a separate offense. The amount of any civil penalty shall be assessed by the Director by written notice. Any civil penalty assessed under this subsection may be remitted or mitigated by the Director.
(b)Hearings for the assessment of civil penalties under subsection (a) shall be conducted in accordance with section 554 of title 5. For the purposes of conducting any such hearing, the Director may issue subpenas for the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of relevant papers, books, and documents, and may administer oaths. Witnesses summoned shall be paid the same fees and mileage that are paid to witnesses in the courts of the United States. In case of contumacy or refusal to obey a subpena served upon any person pursuant to this subsection, the district court of the United States for any district in which such person is found, resides, or transacts business, upon application by the United States and after notice to such person, shall have jurisdiction to issue an order requiring such person to appear and give testimony before the Director or to appear and produce documents before the Director, or both, and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by such court as a contempt thereof.
(c)Upon the failure of any person against whom a civil penalty is assessed under subsection (a) to pay such penalty, the Director may request the Attorney General to institute a civil action in a district court of the United States for any district in which such person is found, resides, or transacts business to collect the penalty and such court shall have jurisdiction to hear and decide any such action. The court shall hear such action on the record made before the Director and shall sustain the decision of the Director if it is supported by substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole.
(d)The assessment of a civil penalty under subsection (a) for any act shall not be deemed to preclude the assessment of a civil penalty for such act under any other law, including, but not limited to, the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 [16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.], the Endangered Species Act of 1973 [16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.], and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act [16 U.S.C. 703 et seq.].

Legislative History

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, referred to in subsec. (d), is Pub. L. 92–522, Oct. 21, 1972, 86 Stat. 1027, which is classified generally to chapter 31 (§ 1361 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 1361 of this title and Tables. The Endangered Species Act of 1973, referred to in subsec. (d), is Pub. L. 93–205, Dec. 28, 1973, 87 Stat. 884, which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§ 1531 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title

note set out under section 1531 of this title and Tables. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act, referred to in subsec. (d), is act July 3, 1918, ch. 128, 40 Stat. 755, which is classified generally to subchapter II (§ 703 et seq.) of chapter 7 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 710 of this title and Tables.

Reference

Citations & Metadata

Citation

16 U.S.C. § 2407

Title 16 — Conservation

Last Updated

Apr 5, 2026

Release point: 119-73not60