§104A — Title 17 Copyrights | U.S. Code

Summary

Copyright is put back on certain foreign works that were once in the U.S. public domain. That restored copyright starts automatically on the "date of restoration" and lasts for the rest of the copyright term the work would have had if it had never been in the public domain here. Works that were ever owned or run by the Alien Property Custodian and that would be owned by a foreign government are not restored. The restored copyright first belongs to the author or initial rightholder under the law of the work’s source country. Owners can tell the Copyright Office they intend to enforce their rights or they can give a written notice directly to people who relied on the work being in the public domain (“reliance parties”). The Copyright Office may publish those notices in the Federal Register; publication begins no later than 4 months after restoration for a nation and then occurs every 4 months for 2 years. Filing with the Copyright Office does not prove the facts in the notice. If someone infringes after restoration, full remedies are available against people who were not reliance parties as soon as the work is restored. For reliance parties, remedies generally wait until the owner files with the Copyright Office within a 24-month period after restoration or serves a notice on the reliance party, and then either 12 months pass after publication or receipt of the notice before remedies apply, or remedies apply only for infringement that happens after that 12-month period, or for copies made after publication or receipt. Derivative works made before certain key dates can keep being used, but the restored-rights owner may be owed fair compensation; if the parties do not agree, a U.S. district court will decide an amount that reflects harm and each party’s contribution. False statements in enforcement notices void the claims. People who promised a work did not infringe, or who had to perform actions, before January 1, 1995, are protected if restoration later makes those promises or actions infringing. The President can extend restored protection to works tied to a foreign nation if that nation offers similar treatment to U.S. works. Key defined terms (one line each): date of adherence or proclamation — when a foreign nation joins certain treaties or is proclaimed by the President; date of restoration — January 1, 1996 for countries already in the treaties then, or the date of adherence/proclamation for others; eligible country — a foreign nation that meets treaty or proclamation conditions; reliance party — someone who used or copied a work while it was in the public domain and kept using it after restoration; restored copyright — the copyright returned to a work; restored work — an original foreign work that meets the listed eligibility rules; rightholder — the person who first fixed a sound recording or who acquired rights from that person; source country — the foreign country tied to the work’s authorship or first publication.

Title 17, §104A

Copyrights — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)(1)(A)Copyright subsists, in accordance with this section, in restored works, and vests automatically on the date of restoration.

(B)Any work in which copyright is restored under this section shall subsist for the remainder of the term of copyright that the work would have otherwise been granted in the United States if the work never entered the public domain in the United States.

(2)Any work in which the copyright was ever owned or administered by the Alien Property Custodian and in which the restored copyright would be owned by a government or instrumentality thereof, is not a restored work.

(b)A restored work vests initially in the author or initial rightholder of the work as determined by the law of the source country of the work.

(c)On or after the date of restoration, any person who owns a copyright in a restored work or an exclusive right therein may file with the Copyright Office a notice of intent to enforce that person’s copyright or exclusive right or may serve such a notice directly on a reliance party. Acceptance of a notice by the Copyright Office is effective as to any reliance parties but shall not create a presumption of the validity of any of the facts stated therein. Service on a reliance party is effective as to that reliance party and any other reliance parties with actual knowledge of such service and of the contents of that notice.

(d)(1)As against any party who is not a reliance party, the remedies provided in chapter 5 of this title shall be available on or after the date of restoration of a restored copyright with respect to an act of infringement of the restored copyright that is commenced on or after the date of restoration.

(2)As against a reliance party, except to the extent provided in paragraphs (3) and (4), the remedies provided in chapter 5 of this title shall be available, with respect to an act of infringement of a restored copyright, on or after the date of restoration of the restored copyright if the requirements of either of the following subparagraphs are met:

(A)(i)The owner of the restored copyright (or such owner’s agent) or the owner of an exclusive right therein (or such owner’s agent) files with the Copyright Office, during the 24-month period beginning on the date of restoration, a notice of intent to enforce the restored copyright; and

(ii)(I)the act of infringement commenced after the end of the 12-month period beginning on the date of publication of the notice in the Federal Register;

(II)the act of infringement commenced before the end of the 12-month period described in subclause (I) and continued after the end of that 12-month period, in which case remedies shall be available only for infringement occurring after the end of that 12-month period; or

(III)copies or phonorecords of a work in which copyright has been restored under this section are made after publication of the notice of intent in the Federal Register.

(B)(i)The owner of the restored copyright (or such owner’s agent) or the owner of an exclusive right therein (or such owner’s agent) serves upon a reliance party a notice of intent to enforce a restored copyright; and

(ii)(I)the act of infringement commenced after the end of the 12-month period beginning on the date the notice of intent is received;

(II)the act of infringement commenced before the end of the 12-month period described in subclause (I) and continued after the end of that 12-month period, in which case remedies shall be available only for the infringement occurring after the end of that 12-month period; or

(III)copies or phonorecords of a work in which copyright has been restored under this section are made after receipt of the notice of intent.

(3)(A)In the case of a derivative work that is based upon a restored work and is created—

(i)before the date of the enactment of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, if the source country of the restored work is an eligible country on such date, or

(ii)before the date on which the source country of the restored work becomes an eligible country, if that country is not an eligible country on such date of enactment,

(B)In the absence of an agreement between the parties, the amount of such compensation shall be determined by an action in United States district court, and shall reflect any harm to the actual or potential market for or value of the restored work from the reliance party’s continued exploitation of the work, as well as compensation for the relative contributions of expression of the author of the restored work and the reliance party to the derivative work.

(4)For purposes of section 412, in the case of reliance parties, infringement shall be deemed to have commenced before registration when acts which would have constituted infringement had the restored work been subject to copyright were commenced before the date of restoration.

(e)(1)(A)(i)A notice of intent filed with the Copyright Office to enforce a restored copyright shall be signed by the owner of the restored copyright or the owner of an exclusive right therein, who files the notice under subsection (d)(2)(A)(i) (hereafter in this paragraph referred to as the “owner”), or by the owner’s agent, shall identify the title of the restored work, and shall include an English translation of the title and any other alternative titles known to the owner by which the restored work may be identified, and an address and telephone number at which the owner may be contacted. If the notice is signed by an agent, the agency relationship must have been constituted in a writing signed by the owner before the filing of the notice. The Copyright Office may specifically require in regulations other information to be included in the notice, but failure to provide such other information shall not invalidate the notice or be a basis for refusal to list the restored work in the Federal Register.

(ii)If a work in which copyright is restored has no formal title, it shall be described in the notice of intent in detail sufficient to identify it.

(iii)Minor errors or omissions may be corrected by further notice at any time after the notice of intent is filed. Notices of corrections for such minor errors or omissions shall be accepted after the period established in subsection (d)(2)(A)(i). Notices shall be published in the Federal Register pursuant to subparagraph (B).

(B)(i)The Register of Copyrights shall publish in the Federal Register, commencing not later than 4 months after the date of restoration for a particular nation and every 4 months thereafter for a period of 2 years, lists identifying restored works and the ownership thereof if a notice of intent to enforce a restored copyright has been filed.

(ii)Not less than 1 list containing all notices of intent to enforce shall be maintained in the Public Information Office of the Copyright Office and shall be available for public inspection and copying during regular business hours pursuant to section 705 and 708.

(C)The Register of Copyrights is authorized to fix reasonable fees based on the costs of receipt, processing, recording, and publication of notices of intent to enforce a restored copyright and corrections thereto.

(D)(i)Not later than 90 days before the date the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property referred to in section 101(d)(15) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act enters into force with respect to the United States, the Copyright Office shall issue and publish in the Federal Register regulations governing the filing under this subsection of notices of intent to enforce a restored copyright.

(ii)Such regulations shall permit owners of restored copyrights to file simultaneously for registration of the restored copyright.

(2)(A)Notices of intent to enforce a restored copyright may be served on a reliance party at any time after the date of restoration of the restored copyright.

(B)Notices of intent to enforce a restored copyright served on a reliance party shall be signed by the owner or the owner’s agent, shall identify the restored work and the work in which the restored work is used, if any, in detail sufficient to identify them, and shall include an English translation of the title, any other alternative titles known to the owner by which the work may be identified, the use or uses to which the owner objects, and an address and telephone number at which the reliance party may contact the owner. If the notice is signed by an agent, the agency relationship must have been constituted in writing and signed by the owner before service of the notice.

(3)Any material false statement knowingly made with respect to any restored copyright identified in any notice of intent shall make void all claims and assertions made with respect to such restored copyright.

(f)(1)Any person who warrants, promises, or guarantees that a work does not violate an exclusive right granted in section 106 shall not be liable for legal, equitable, arbitral, or administrative relief if the warranty, promise, or guarantee is breached by virtue of the restoration of copyright under this section, if such warranty, promise, or guarantee is made before January 1, 1995.

(2)No person shall be required to perform any act if such performance is made infringing by virtue of the restoration of copyright under the provisions of this section, if the obligation to perform was undertaken before January 1, 1995.

(g)Whenever the President finds that a particular foreign nation extends, to works by authors who are nationals or domiciliaries of the United States, restored copyright protection on substantially the same basis as provided under this section, the President may by proclamation extend restored protection provided under this section to any work—

(1)of which one or more of the authors is, on the date of first publication, a national, domiciliary, or sovereign authority of that nation; or

(2)which was first published in that nation.

(h)For purposes of this section and section 109(a):

(1)The term “date of adherence or proclamation” means the earlier of the date on which a foreign nation which, as of the date the WTO Agreement enters into force with respect to the United States, is not a nation adhering to the Berne Convention or a WTO member country, becomes—

(A)a nation adhering to the Berne Convention;

(B)a WTO member country;

(C)a nation adhering to the WIPO Copyright Treaty;

(D)a nation adhering to the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty; or

(E)subject to a Presidential proclamation under subsection (g).

(2)The “date of restoration” of a restored copyright is—

(A)January 1, 1996, if the source country of the restored work is a nation adhering to the Berne Convention or a WTO member country on such date, or

(B)the date of adherence or proclamation, in the case of any other source country of the restored work.

(3)The term “eligible country” means a nation, other than the United States, that—

(A)becomes a WTO member country after the date of the enactment of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act;

(B)on such date of enactment is, or after such date of enactment becomes, a nation adhering to the Berne Convention;

(C)adheres to the WIPO Copyright Treaty;

(D)adheres to the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty; or

(E)after such date of enactment becomes subject to a proclamation under subsection (g).

(4)The term “reliance party” means any person who—

(A)with respect to a particular work, engages in acts, before the source country of that work becomes an eligible country, which would have violated section 106 if the restored work had been subject to copyright protection, and who, after the source country becomes an eligible country, continues to engage in such acts;

(B)before the source country of a particular work becomes an eligible country, makes or acquires 1 or more copies or phonorecords of that work; or

(C)as the result of the sale or other disposition of a derivative work covered under subsection (d)(3), or significant assets of a person described in subparagraph (A) or (B), is a successor, assignee, or licensee of that person.

(5)The term “restored copyright” means copyright in a restored work under this section.

(6)The term “restored work” means an original work of authorship that—

(A)is protected under subsection (a);

(B)is not in the public domain in its source country through expiration of term of protection;

(C)is in the public domain in the United States due to—

(i)noncompliance with formalities imposed at any time by United States copyright law, including failure of renewal, lack of proper notice, or failure to comply with any manufacturing requirements;

(ii)lack of subject matter protection in the case of sound recordings fixed before February 15, 1972; or

(iii)lack of national eligibility;

(D)has at least one author or rightholder who was, at the time the work was created, a national or domiciliary of an eligible country, and if published, was first published in an eligible country and not published in the United States during the 30-day period following publication in such eligible country; and

(E)if the source country for the work is an eligible country solely by virtue of its adherence to the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, is a sound recording.

(7)The term “rightholder” means the person—

(A)who, with respect to a sound recording, first fixes a sound recording with authorization, or

(B)who has acquired rights from the person described in subparagraph (A) by means of any conveyance or by operation of law.

(8)The “source country” of a restored work is—

(A)a nation other than the United States;

(B)in the case of an unpublished work—

(i)the eligible country in which the author or rightholder is a national or domiciliary, or, if a restored work has more than 1 author or rightholder, of which the majority of foreign authors or rightholders are nationals or domiciliaries; or

(ii)if the majority of authors or rightholders are not foreign, the nation other than the United States which has the most significant contacts with the work; and

(C)in the case of a published work—

(i)the eligible country in which the work is first published, or

(ii)if the restored work is published on the same day in 2 or more eligible countries, the eligible country which has the most significant contacts with the work.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The date of the enactment of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, referred to in subsecs. (d)(3)(A) and (h)(3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 103–465, which was approved Dec. 8, 1994. section 101(d)(15) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(1)(D)(i), is classified to section 3511(d)(15) of Title 19, Customs Duties.

Amendments

1998—Subsec. (h)(1)(A) to (E). Pub. L. 105–304, § 102(c)(1), added subpars. (A) to (E) and struck out former subpars. (A) and (B) which read as follows: “(A) a nation adhering to the Berne Convention or a WTO member country; or “(B) subject to a Presidential proclamation under subsection (g).” Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 105–304, § 102(c)(2), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: “The term ‘eligible country’ means a nation, other than the United States, that— “(A) becomes a WTO member country after the date of the enactment of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act; “(B) on such date of enactment is, or after such date of enactment becomes, a member of the Berne Convention; or “(C) after such date of enactment becomes subject to a proclamation under subsection (g). For purposes of this section, a nation that is a member of the Berne Convention on the date of the enactment of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act shall be construed to become an eligible country on such date of enactment.” Subsec. (h)(6)(E). Pub. L. 105–304, § 102(c)(3), added subpar. (E). Subsec. (h)(8)(B)(i). Pub. L. 105–304, § 102(c)(4), inserted “of which” before “the majority” and struck out “of eligible countries” after “domiciliaries”. Subsec. (h)(9). Pub. L. 105–304, § 102(c)(5), struck out par. (9) which read as follows: “The terms ‘WTO Agreement’ and ‘WTO member country’ have the meanings given those terms in paragraphs (9) and (10), respectively, of section 2 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act.” 1997—Subsec. (d)(3)(A). Pub. L. 105–80, § 2(1), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: “In the case of a derivative work that is based upon a restored work and is created— “(i) before the date of the enactment of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, if the source country of the derivative work is an eligible country on such date, or “(ii) before the date of adherence or proclamation, if the source country of the derivative work is not an eligible country on such date of enactment, a reliance party may continue to exploit that work for the duration of the restored copyright if the reliance party pays to the owner of the restored copyright reasonable compensation for conduct which would be subject to a remedy for infringement but for the provisions of this paragraph.” Subsec. (e)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 105–80, § 2(2), struck out at end “Such list shall also be published in the Federal Register on an annual basis for the first 2 years after the applicable date of restoration.” Subsec. (h)(2), (3). Pub. L. 105–80, § 2(3), (4), amended pars. (2) and (3) generally. Prior to amendment, pars. (2) and (3) read as follows: “(2) The ‘date of restoration’ of a restored copyright is the later of— “(A) the date on which the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property referred to in section 101(d)(15) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act enters into force with respect to the United States, if the source country of the restored work is a nation adhering to the Berne Convention or a WTO member country on such date; or “(B) the date of adherence or proclamation, in the case of any other source country of the restored work. “(3) The term ‘eligible country’ means a nation, other than the United States, that is a WTO member country, adheres to the Berne Convention, or is subject to a proclamation under subsection (g).” 1996—Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 104–295 substituted “subsection (g)” for “section 104A(g)”. 1994—Pub. L. 103–465 substituted “Copyright in restored works” for “Copyright in certain motion pictures” as section catchline and amended text generally, substituting present provisions for provisions restoring copyright in certain motion pictures and providing for

Effective Date

of protection as well as use of previously owned copies.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

of 1998

Amendments

ubsec. (h)(1)(A), (B), (E), (3)(A), (B), (E) of this section and amendment by section 102(c)(4), (5) of Pub. L. 105–304 effective Oct. 28, 1998, except as otherwise provided, subsec. (h)(1)(C), (3)(C) of this section effective Mar. 6, 2002, and subsec. (h)(1)(D), (3)(D) of this section and amendment by section 102(c)(3) of Pub. L. 105–304 effective May 20, 2002, see section 105(a), (b)(1)(C), (D), (2)(D)–(F) of Pub. L. 105–304, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective on the date the North American Free Trade Agreement enters into force with respect to the United States (Jan. 1, 1994), see section 335(a) of Pub. L. 103–182, formerly set out in an

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of 1993 Amendment note under section 1052 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

Executive Documents

Uruguay Round Agreements: Entry Into ForceThe Uruguay Round Agreements, including the World Trade Organization Agreement and agreements annexed to that Agreement, as referred to in section 3511(d) of Title 19, Customs Duties, entered into force with respect to the United States on Jan. 1, 1995. See note set out under section 3511 of Title 19.

§104A Copyright in Restored Works

Summary

Title 17, §104A

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Amendments

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Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

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Amendments

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Executive Documents

Citations & Metadata