§20139 — Title 51 National and Commercial Space Programs | U.S. Code

Summary

The Administrator can provide liability insurance or agree to cover losses (indemnify) for a developer who builds or uses an experimental aerospace vehicle under an agreement with the Administration. Cooperating party: a person who works with the Administration on space or aeronautical projects. Developer: a U.S. organization (not a natural person) that helps develop the vehicle, supplies property for it, or sends an employee to fly on it. Experimental aerospace vehicle: an object meant to fly in orbital or suborbital flight to test reusable launch technologies under an agreement. Related entity: contractors, subcontractors, suppliers, grantees, investigators, or detailees. The developer must have insurance or show it can pay for the maximum probable loss for third‑party death, injury, or property damage and for U.S. Government property damage. The Administrator sets the required amount, normally no higher than the amount in section 50914(a)(3) for launches, and must publish that decision in the Federal Register within 10 days. The Administrator may raise the amounts in section 50914(a)(3)(A) after consulting the Comptroller General, giving at least 180 days’ public notice, and making related records available. Insurance or indemnification won’t be given unless the developer proves proper safety practices. Indemnification requires the specific agreement described in subsection (d). If extra money is needed to pay claims, the Administrator must follow the budgeting rules in sections 50915(d) and (e). The Administration and developers can make mutual waivers where each covers its own property losses and employee injuries, but such waivers do not stop claims by natural persons or their estates, do not remove liability for negligence (except for a subrogee that agreed), and do not excuse willful misconduct. The rules don’t apply to matters covered by section 20138 or to launches licensed under section 50919(g)(1). These provisions were set to end on December 31, 2010, but existing agreements remain in force unless those agreements say otherwise.

Title 51, §20139

National and Commercial Space Programs — Source: USLM XML via OLRC

(a)In this section:

(1)The term “cooperating party” means any person who enters into an agreement with the Administration for the performance of cooperative scientific, aeronautical, or space activities to carry out the purposes of this chapter.

(2)The term “developer” means a United States person (other than a natural person) who—

(A)is a party to an agreement with the Administration for the purpose of developing new technology for an experimental aerospace vehicle;

(B)owns or provides property to be flown or situated on that vehicle; or

(C)employs a natural person to be flown on that vehicle.

(3)The term “experimental aerospace vehicle” means an object intended to be flown in, or launched into, orbital or suborbital flight for the purpose of demonstrating technologies necessary for a reusable launch vehicle, developed under an agreement between the Administration and a developer.

(4)The term “related entity” includes a contractor or subcontractor at any tier, a supplier, a grantee, and an investigator or detailee.

(b)The Administrator may provide liability insurance for, or indemnification to, the developer of an experimental aerospace vehicle developed or used in execution of an agreement between the Administration and the developer.

(c)(1)Except as otherwise provided in this section, the insurance and indemnification provided by the Administration under subsection (b) to a developer shall be provided on the same terms and conditions as insurance and indemnification is provided by the Administration under section 20138 of this title to the user of a space vehicle.

(2)(A)A developer shall obtain liability insurance or demonstrate financial responsibility in amounts to compensate for the maximum probable loss from claims by—

(i)a third party for death, bodily injury, or property damage, or loss resulting from an activity carried out in connection with the development or use of an experimental aerospace vehicle; and

(ii)the United States Government for damage or loss to Government property resulting from such an activity.

(B)The Administrator shall determine the amount of insurance required, but, except as provided in subparagraph (C), that amount shall not be greater than the amount required under section 50914(a)(3) of this title for a launch. The Administrator shall publish notice of the Administrator’s determination and the applicable amount or amounts in the Federal Register within 10 days after making the determination.

(C)The Administrator may increase the dollar amounts set forth in section 50914(a)(3)(A) of this title for the purpose of applying that section under this section to a developer after consultation with the Comptroller General and such experts and consultants as may be appropriate, and after publishing notice of the increase in the Federal Register not less than 180 days before the increase goes into effect. The Administrator shall make available for public inspection, not later than the date of publication of such notice, a complete record of any correspondence received by the Administration, and a transcript of any meetings in which the Administration participated, regarding the proposed increase.

(D)The Administrator may not provide liability insurance or indemnification under subsection (b) unless the developer establishes to the satisfaction of the Administrator that appropriate safety procedures and practices are being followed in the development of the experimental aerospace vehicle.

(3)Notwithstanding subsection (b), the Administrator may not indemnify a developer of an experimental aerospace vehicle under this section unless there is an agreement between the Administration and the developer described in subsection (d).

(4)If the Administrator requests additional appropriations to make payments under this section, like the payments that may be made under section 20138(c) of this title, then the request for those appropriations shall be made in accordance with the procedures established by subsections (d) and (e) of section 50915 of this title.

(d)(1)The Administrator, on behalf of the United States, and its departments, agencies, and instrumentalities, may reciprocally waive claims with a developer or cooperating party and with the related entities of that developer or cooperating party under which each party to the waiver agrees to be responsible, and agrees to ensure that its own related entities are responsible, for damage or loss to its property for which it is responsible, or for losses resulting from any injury or death sustained by its own employees or agents, as a result of activities connected to the agreement or use of the experimental aerospace vehicle.

(2)(A)A reciprocal waiver under paragraph (1) may not preclude a claim by any natural person (including, but not limited to, a natural person who is an employee of the United States, the developer, the cooperating party, or their respective subcontractors) or that natural person’s estate, survivors, or subrogees for injury or death, except with respect to a subrogee that is a party to the waiver or has otherwise agreed to be bound by the terms of the waiver.

(B)A reciprocal waiver under paragraph (1) may not absolve any party of liability to any natural person (including, but not limited to, a natural person who is an employee of the United States, the developer, the cooperating party, or their respective subcontractors) or such a natural person’s estate, survivors, or subrogees for negligence, except with respect to a subrogee that is a party to the waiver or has otherwise agreed to be bound by the terms of the waiver.

(C)A reciprocal waiver under paragraph (1) may not be used as the basis of a claim by the Administration, or the developer or cooperating party, for indemnification against the other for damages paid to a natural person, or that natural person’s estate, survivors, or subrogees, for injury or death sustained by that natural person as a result of activities connected to the agreement or use of the experimental aerospace vehicle.

(D)A reciprocal waiver under paragraph (1) may not relieve the United States, the developer, the cooperating party, or the related entities of the developer or cooperating party, of liability for damage or loss resulting from willful misconduct.

(3)This subsection applies to any waiver of claims entered into by the Administration without regard to the date on which the Administration entered into the waiver.

(e)(1)This section does not apply to any object, transaction, or operation to which section 20138 of this title applies.

(2)The Administrator may not provide indemnification to a developer under this section for launches subject to license under section 50919(g)(1) of this title.

(f)(1)The provisions of this section shall terminate on December 31, 2010.

(2)The termination of this section shall not terminate or otherwise affect any cross-waiver agreement, insurance agreement, indemnification agreement, or other agreement entered into under this section, except as may be provided in that agreement.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Historical and Revision Notes

Revised SectionSource (U.S. Code)Source (Statutes at Large) 2013942 U.S.C. 2458c.Pub. L. 85–568, title III, § 309, formerly title III, as added Pub. L. 106–74, title IV, § 435(a), Oct. 20, 1999, 113 Stat. 1097; designated § 309 and amended Pub. L. 106–391, title III, § 324(a)(2), (b), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1599, 1600; Pub. L. 109–155, title VII, § 702, Dec. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2936. In subsection (d)(3), the words “without regard to the date on which the Administration entered into the waiver” are substituted for “without regard to whether it was entered into before, on, or after the date of enactment of this Act” to avoid an ambiguity in the law. Literally, the words “the date of enactment of this Act” mean July 29, 1958, the date of enactment of Public Law 85–568. However, the intended meaning of the words “the date of enactment of this Act” is probably October 20, 1999, the date of enactment of Public Law 106–74. The question as to which date is actually intended is rendered inconsequential by the words “before, on, or after”.

§20139 Insurance for Experimental Aerospace Vehicles

Summary

Title 51, §20139

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Historical and Revision Notes

Citations & Metadata