Title 20 — EducationRelease 119-73
§1088 Definitions
Title 20 › Chapter CHAPTER 28— - HIGHER EDUCATION RESOURCES AND STUDENT ASSISTANCE › Subchapter SUBCHAPTER IV— - STUDENT ASSISTANCE › Part Part G— - General Provisions Relating to Student Assistance Programs › § 1088
Summary
Defines key terms used for federal student aid programs. Award year runs from July 1 through June 30 of the next year. Academic year usually means at least 30 weeks for credit-hour programs or 26 weeks for clock-hour programs, and a full-time undergraduate year is at least 24 semester or 36 quarter credit hours, or 900 clock hours. The Education Department may cut the 30-week credit-hour minimum down to no less than 26 weeks for good cause for 2- or 4-year degree programs. Eligible program describes how big a program must be to get aid. One option is at least 600 clock hours (or 16 semester/24 quarter credit hours) over at least 15 weeks for job-training programs that admit students without an associate degree. The other is at least 300 clock hours (or 8 semester/12 quarter credit hours) over at least 10 weeks for programs that require an associate degree for admission or for graduate/professional programs. For part B, programs with 300–599 clock hours over at least 10 weeks can qualify if they have at least 70% verified completion and placement rates and meet other rules, and the Secretary must approve first-time eligibility. Distance education programs are eligible if a non-foreign institution was evaluated as capable of delivering distance education by an accreditor recognized by the Secretary (evaluation may have happened before or after February 8, 2006). Programs that use direct assessment instead of credits or clock hours are eligible if the assessment matches the program’s accreditation, with the Secretary approving first-time eligibility. Third-party servicer means any person, state, or organization that a school, guaranty agency, or lender hires to run parts of its student aid or loan programs, including originating, servicing, or collecting loans. For parts B, D, and E, active duty means the meaning in 10 U.S.C. 101(d)(1) but not duty for training or service school. Military operation means the contingency operation in 10 U.S.C. 101(a)(13). National emergency means the President’s September 14, 2001 declaration for terrorist attacks or later President-declared emergencies for terrorist attacks. “Serving on active duty during a war or other military operation or national emergency” covers Reservists ordered to active duty under 10 U.S.C. 12301(a), 12301(g), 12302, 12304, or 12306, and retired members ordered under 10 U.S.C. 688, plus any other member on active duty for that reason who is assigned away from their normal station. “Qualifying National Guard duty” means full-time National Guard duty (10 U.S.C. 101(d)(5)) called to active service by the President or Secretary of Defense for more than 30 consecutive days under section 502(f) of title 32 with federal funding. Consumer reporting agency and educational service agency mean the same things as in 15 U.S.C. 1681a(p) and 20 U.S.C. 7801, respectively.
Full Legal Text
Title 20, §1088
Education — Source: USLM XML via OLRC
(a)(1)For the purpose of any program under this subchapter, the term “award year” shall be defined as the period beginning July 1 and ending June 30 of the following year.
(2)(A)For the purpose of any program under this subchapter, the term “academic year” shall—
(i)require a minimum of 30 weeks of instructional time for a course of study that measures its program length in credit hours; or
(ii)require a minimum of 26 weeks of instructional time for a course of study that measures its program length in clock hours; and
(iii)require an undergraduate course of study to contain an amount of instructional time whereby a full-time student is expected to complete at least—
(I)24 semester or trimester hours or 36 quarter credit hours in a course of study that measures its program length in credit hours; or
(II)900 clock hours in a course of study that measures its program length in clock hours.
(B)The Secretary may reduce such minimum of 30 weeks to not less than 26 weeks for good cause, as determined by the Secretary on a case-by-case basis, in the case of an institution of higher education that provides a 2-year or 4-year program of instruction for which the institution awards an associate or baccalaureate degree and that measures program length in credit hours or clock hours.
(b)(1)For purposes of this subchapter, the term “eligible program” means a program of at least—
(A)600 clock hours of instruction, 16 semester hours, or 24 quarter hours, offered during a minimum of 15 weeks, in the case of a program that—
(i)provides a program of training to prepare students for gainful employment in a recognized profession; and
(ii)admits students who have not completed the equivalent of an associate degree; or
(B)300 clock hours of instruction, 8 semester hours, or 12 hours, offered during a minimum of 10 weeks, in the case of—
(i)an undergraduate program that requires the equivalent of an associate degree for admissions; or
(ii)a graduate or professional program.
(2)(A)A program is an eligible program for purposes of part B of this subchapter if it is a program of at least 300 clock hours of instruction, but less than 600 clock hours of instruction, offered during a minimum of 10 weeks, that—
(i)has a verified completion rate of at least 70 percent, as determined in accordance with the regulations of the Secretary;
(ii)has a verified placement rate of at least 70 percent, as determined in accordance with the regulations of the Secretary; and
(iii)satisfies such further criteria as the Secretary may prescribe by regulation.
(B)In the case of a program being determined eligible for the first time under this paragraph, such determination shall be made by the Secretary before such program is considered to have satisfied the requirements of this paragraph.
(3)An otherwise eligible program that is offered in whole or in part through telecommunications is eligible for the purposes of this subchapter if the program is offered by an institution, other than a foreign institution, that has been evaluated and determined (before or after February 8, 2006) to have the capability to effectively deliver distance education programs by an accrediting agency or association that—
(A)is recognized by the Secretary under subpart 2 of part H; and
(B)has evaluation of distance education programs within the scope of its recognition, as described in section 1099b(n)(3) of this title.
(4)For purposes of this subchapter, the term “eligible program” includes an instructional program that, in lieu of credit hours or clock hours as the measure of student learning, utilizes direct assessment of student learning, or recognizes the direct assessment of student learning by others, if such assessment is consistent with the accreditation of the institution or program utilizing the results of the assessment. In the case of a program being determined eligible for the first time under this paragraph, such determination shall be made by the Secretary before such program is considered to be an eligible program.
(c)For purposes of this subchapter, the term “third party servicer” means any individual, any State, or any private, for-profit or nonprofit organization, which enters into a contract with—
(1)any eligible institution of higher education to administer, through either manual or automated processing, any aspect of such institution’s student assistance programs under this subchapter; or
(2)any guaranty agency, or any eligible lender, to administer, through either manual or automated processing, any aspect of such guaranty agency’s or lender’s student loan programs under part B of this subchapter, including originating, guaranteeing, monitoring, processing, servicing, or collecting loans.
(d)For purposes of parts B, D, and E of this subchapter:
(1)The term “active duty” has the meaning given such term in section 101(d)(1) of title 10, except that such term does not include active duty for training or attendance at a service school.
(2)The term “military operation” means a contingency operation as such term is defined in section 101(a)(13) of title 10.
(3)The term “national emergency” means the national emergency by reason of certain terrorist attacks declared by the President on September 14, 2001, or subsequent national emergencies declared by the President by reason of terrorist attacks.
(4)The term “serving on active duty during a war or other military operation or national emergency” means service by an individual who is—
(A)a Reserve of an Armed Force ordered to active duty under section 12301(a), 12301(g), 12302, 12304, or 12306 of title 10 or any retired member of an Armed Force ordered to active duty under section 688 of such title, for service in connection with a war or other military operation or national emergency, regardless of the location at which such active duty service is performed; and
(B)any other member of an Armed Force on active duty in connection with such emergency or subsequent actions or conditions who has been assigned to a duty station at a location other than the location at which such member is normally assigned.
(5)The term “qualifying National Guard duty during a war or other military operation or national emergency” means service as a member of the National Guard on full-time National Guard duty (as defined in section 101(d)(5) of title 10) under a call to active service authorized by the President or the Secretary of Defense for a period of more than 30 consecutive days under section 502(f) of title 32 in connection with a war, other military operation, or a national emergency declared by the President and supported by Federal funds.
(e)For purposes of this subchapter, the term “consumer reporting agency” has the meaning given the term “consumer reporting agency that compiles and maintains files on consumers on a nationwide basis” in section 11 So in original. Probably should not be capitalized. 1681a(p) of title 15.
(f)For purposes of parts B, D, and E, the term “educational service agency” has the meaning given the term in section 7801 of this title.
Legislative History
Notes & Related Subsidiaries
Amendment of Subsection (b)Pub. L. 119–21, title VIII, § 83002(b), (c),
July 4, 2025, 139 Stat. 351, 352, provided that, effective on
July 1, 2026, and applicable with respect to award year 2026–2027 and each succeeding award year, subsection (b) of this section is amended as follows: (1) by redesignating paragraphs (3) and (4) as paragraphs (4) and (5), respectively; and (2) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following: “(3)(A) A program is an eligible program for purposes of the Workforce Pell Grant program under section 1070a(k) of this title only if— “(i) it is a program of at least 150 clock hours of instruction, but less than 600 clock hours of instruction, or an equivalent number of credit hours, offered by an eligible institution during a minimum of 8 weeks, but less than 15 weeks; “(ii) it is not offered as a correspondence course, as defined in 600.2 of title 34, Code of Federal
Regulations
(as in effect on July 1, 2021); “(iii) the Governor of a State, after consultation with the State board, determines that the program— “(I) provides an education aligned with the requirements of high-skill, high-wage (as identified by the State pursuant to section 2342 of this title), or in-demand industry sectors or occupations; “(II) meets the hiring requirements of potential employers in the sectors or occupations described in subclause (I); “(III) either— “(aa) leads to a recognized postsecondary credential that is stackable and portable across more than one employer; or “(bb) with respect to students enrolled in the program— “(AA) prepares such students for employment in an occupation for which there is only one recognized postsecondary credential; and “(BB) provides such students with such a credential upon completion of such program; and “(IV) prepares students to pursue 1 or more certificate or degree programs at 1 or more institutions of higher education (which may include the eligible institution providing the program), including by ensuring— “(aa) that a student, upon completion of the program and enrollment in such a related certificate or degree program, will receive academic credit for the Workforce Pell program that will be accepted toward meeting such certificate or degree program requirements; and “(bb) the acceptability of such credit toward meeting such certificate or degree program requirements; and “(iv) after the Governor of such State makes the determination that the program meets the requirements under clause (iii), the Secretary determines that— “(I) the program has been offered by the eligible institution for not less than 1 year prior to the date on which the Secretary makes a determination under this clause; “(II) for each award year, the program has a verified completion rate of at least 70 percent, within 150 percent of the normal time for completion; “(III) for each award year, the program has a verified job placement rate of at least 70 percent, measured 180 days after completion; and “(IV) for each award year, the total amount of the published tuition and fees of the program for such year is an amount that does not exceed the value-added earnings of students who received Federal financial aid under this subchapter and who completed the program 3 years prior to the award year, as such earnings are determined by calculating the difference between— “(aa) the median earnings of such students, as adjusted by the State and metropolitan area regional price parities of the Bureau of Economic Analysis based on the location of such program; and “(bb) 150 percent of the poverty line applicable to a single individual as determined under section 9902(2)of title 42 for such year. “(B) In this paragraph: “(i) The term “eligible institution” means an eligible institution for purposes of section 1070a of this title. “(ii) The term “Governor” means the chief executive of a State. “(iii) The terms “in-demand industry sector or occupation”, “recognized postsecondary credential”, and “State board” have the meanings given such terms in section 3102 of title 29.” See 2025 Amendment note below.
Editorial Notes
Prior Provisions
A prior section 1088, Pub. L. 89–329, title IV, § 481, as added Pub. L. 96–374, title IV, § 451(a), Oct. 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 1443, defined “institution of higher education” for this subchapter, prior to the general amendment of this part by Pub. L. 99–498. Another prior section 1088, Pub. L. 89–329, title IV, § 491, formerly § 461, as added Pub. L. 90–575, title I, § 151, Oct. 16, 1968, 82 Stat. 1032, renumbered § 491 and amended Pub. L. 92–318, title I, §§ 131(c), 137(b), title X, § 1001(c)(3), June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 259, 272, 381; amended Pub. L. 95–180, § 1(b), Nov. 15, 1977, 91 Stat. 1372; Pub. L. 95–566, § 6, Nov. 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 2403; Pub. L. 96–49, § 5(e), Aug. 13, 1979, 93 Stat. 352, defined terms for this subchapter, prior to the general revision of this part by Pub. L. 96–374.
Amendments
2025—Subsec. (b)(3) to (5). Pub. L. 119–21 added par. (3) and redesignated former pars. (3) and (4) as (4) and (5), respectively. 2015—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–95 made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to section 7801 of this title. 2009—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 111–39 substituted “any State, or any private, for-profit or nonprofit organization,” for “or any State, or private, profit or nonprofit organization” in introductory provisions. 2008—Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 110–315, § 481(1), inserted “and that measures program length in credit hours or clock hours” after “baccalaureate degree”. Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 110–315, § 481(2), added subsecs. (e) and (f). 2006—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 109–171, § 8020(a), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: “For the purpose of any program under this subchapter, the term ‘academic year’ shall require a minimum of 30 weeks of instructional time, and, with respect to an undergraduate course of study, shall require that during such minimum period of instructional time a full-time student is expected to complete at least 24 semester or trimester hours or 36 quarter hours at an institution that measures program length in credit hours, or at least 900 clock hours at an institution that measures program length in clock hours. The Secretary may reduce such minimum of 30 weeks to not less than 26 weeks for good cause, as determined by the Secretary on a case-by-case basis, in the case of an institution of higher education that provides a 2-year or 4-year program of instruction for which the institution awards an associate or baccalaureate degree.” Subsec. (b)(3), (4). Pub. L. 109–171, § 8020(b), added pars. (3) and (4). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–171, § 8007(d), added subsec. (d). 1998—Pub. L. 105–244 redesignated subsecs. (d) to (f) as (a) to (c), respectively, and struck out former subsecs. (a) to (c) which defined the terms “institution of higher education”, “proprietary institution of higher education”, and “postsecondary vocational institution”. See section 1002 of this title. Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 105–216, which directed the amendment of par. (4), effective 1 year after
July 29, 1998, by designating existing provisions as subpar. (A), redesignating former subpars. (A) and (B) as cls. (i) and (ii), respectively, of subpar. (A), and by adding subpar. (B) to read as follows: “Subparagraph (A)(i) shall not apply to a nonprofit institution whose primary function is to provide health care educational services (or an affiliate of such an institution that has the power, by contract or ownership interest, to direct or cause the direction of the institution’s management or policies) that files for bankruptcy under chapter 11 of title 11 between July 1, and
December 31, 1998.”, could not be executed because subsec. (a) did not contain a par. (4) subsequent to amendment by Pub. L. 105–244. See above. 1993—Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(h)(1), inserted before semicolon at end “, except that the Secretary, at the request of such institution, may waive the applicability of this subparagraph to such institution for good cause, as determined by the Secretary in the case of an institution of higher education that provides a 2-year or 4-year program of instruction for which the institution awards an associate or baccalaureate degree”. Subsec. (a)(3)(D). Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(h)(2), substituted “do not have a high school diploma or its recognized equivalent” for “are admitted pursuant to section 1091(d) of this title” and inserted before period at end “, except that the Secretary may waive the limitation contained in this subparagraph if a nonprofit institution demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that it exceeds such limitation because it serves, through contracts with Federal, State, or local government agencies, significant numbers of students who do not have a high school diploma or its recognized equivalent”. Subsec. (a)(4)(A). Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(h)(3), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: “such institution has filed for bankruptcy; or”. Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(h)(4), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: “For the purpose of any program under this subchapter, the term ‘academic year’ shall require a minimum of 30 weeks of instructional time in which a full-time student is expected to complete at least 24 semester or trimester hours or 36 quarter hours at an institution which measures program length in credit hours or at least 900 clock hours at an institution which measures program length in clock hours.” Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(h)(5), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: “The Secretary shall develop
Regulations
to determine the quality of programs of less than 600 clock hours in length. Such
Regulations
shall require, at a minimum, that the programs have a verified rate of completion of at least 70 percent and a verified rate of placement of at least 70 percent. Pursuant to these
Regulations
and notwithstanding paragraph (1), the Secretary shall allow programs of less than 600 clock hours, but greater than 300 clock hours, in length to be eligible to participate in the programs authorized under part B of this subchapter.” Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(h)(6), substituted “individual, or any State,” for “State” in introductory provisions. 1992—Pub. L. 102–325, § 481(a), amended section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–325, § 481(a), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which contained pars. (1) and (2) defining “institution of higher education” and “accredited” and par. (3) which related to recognition of accreditation of eligible institutions of higher education. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–325, § 481(b)(4), struck out at end “For the purpose of this subsection, the Secretary shall publish a list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies or associations which he determines to be reliable authority as to the quality of training offered.” Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 102–325, § 481(b)(1), substituted “an eligible program” for “not less than a 6-month program”. Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 102–325, § 481(b)(2), substituted “pursuant to part H of this subchapter,” for “for this purpose, and”. Subsec. (b)(5), (6). Pub. L. 102–325, § 481(b)(3), substituted “years, and” for “years.” in cl. (5) and added cl. (6). Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 102–325, § 481(c), substituted “an eligible program” for “not less than a six-month program”. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102–325, § 481(d), inserted “and award” after “Academic” in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “For the purpose of any program under this subchapter, the term ‘academic year’ shall be defined by the Secretary by regulation.” Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 102–325, § 481(e), amended subsec. (e) generally, substituting provisions relating to eligible program for provisions relating to impact of loss of accreditation. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 102–325, § 481(f), added subsec. (f). 1991—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–26, § 2(d)(2)(A), repealed Pub. L. 101–508, § 3005(b). See 1990 Amendment note below. Pub. L. 102–26, § 2(a)(2), struck out “and who have the ability to benefit (as determined by the institution under section 1091(d) of this title) from the training offered by the institution” before period at end of second sentence, and struck out at end “The Secretary shall not promulgate
Regulations
defining the admissions procedures or remediation programs that must be used by an institution in admitting students on the basis of their ability to benefit from the training offered and shall not, as a condition of recognition under section 413(e) of this Act, impose upon any accrediting body or bodies standards which are different or more restrictive than the standards provided in this subsection.” Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–26, § 2(a)(3), struck out before period at end “and who have the ability to benefit (as determined by the institution under section 1091(d) of this title) from the training offered by the institution”. 1990—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–508, which inserted “, except in accordance with section 1091(d) of this title,” after “shall not” in fourth sentence, was repealed by Pub. L. 102–26, § 2(d)(2)(A). See
Construction
of 1991 Amendment note below. 1989—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 101–239, § 2007(b)(1), substituted “Subject to subsection (e) of this section, for the purpose” for “For the purpose”. Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 101–239, § 2007(c), added par. (3). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101–239, § 2007(b)(2), added subsec. (e). 1987—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–50 substituted “section 1091(d) of this title” for “subsection (d) of this section”.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date
of 2025 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 119–21 effective on July 1, 2026, and applicable with respect to award year 2026–2027 and each succeeding award year, see section 83002(c) of Pub. L. 119–21, set out as a note under section 1070a of this title.
Effective Date
of 2015 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 114–95 effective Dec. 10, 2015, except with respect to certain noncompetitive programs and competitive programs, see section 5 of Pub. L. 114–95, set out as a note under section 6301 of this title.
Effective Date
of 2009 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 111–39 effective as if enacted on the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–315 (Aug. 14, 2008), see section 3 of Pub. L. 111–39, set out as a note under section 1001 of this title.
Effective Date
of 2006 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 109–171 effective July 1, 2006, except as otherwise provided, see section 8001(c) of Pub. L. 109–171, set out as a note under section 1002 of this title. Amendment by section 8007(d) of Pub. L. 109–171 applicable with respect to all loans under title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1070 et seq.), see section 8007(f) of Pub. L. 109–171, set out as a note under section 1078 of this title.
Effective Date
of 1998
Amendments
Amendment by Pub. L. 105–244 effective Oct. 1, 1998, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 105–244, see section 3 of Pub. L. 105–244, set out as a note under section 1001 of this title. Amendment by Pub. L. 105–216 effective 1 year after July 29, 1998, see section 13 of Pub. L. 105–216, set out as an
Effective Date
note under section 4901 of Title 12, Banks and Banking.
Effective Date
of 1993 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 103–208 effective as if included in the Higher Education
Amendments
of 1992, Pub. L. 102–325, except as otherwise provided, see section 5(a) of Pub. L. 103–208, set out as a note under section 1051 of this title.
Effective Date
of 1992 Amendment Pub. L. 102–325, title IV, § 498, July 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 634, provided that: “The changes made in part G of title IV of the Act [20 U.S.C. 1088 et seq.] by the
Amendments
made by this part [part G (§§ 481–498) of title IV of Pub. L. 102–325, enacting section 1091b, 1092c, 1094a, 1094b, 1098a, and 1098b of this title, amending sections 1088 to 1091, 1092, 1092b, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, and 1098 of this title, and repealing section 1096a of this title] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [
July 23, 1992], except that— “(1) as otherwise provided in such part G; “(2) the changes in section 481(a) [20 U.S.C. 1088(a)], relating to the definition of institution of higher education, other than paragraph (4) of such section, shall be effective on and after
October 1, 1992; “(3) section 481(e) as added by such
Amendments
, relating to the definition of eligible program, shall be effective on and after July 1, 1993; “(4) section 484(m)(1) [20 U.S.C. 1091(m)(1)], relating to proportion of courses permitted to be correspondence courses, as added by such
Amendments
shall be effective on and after
October 1, 1992; “(5) the changes in section 485 [20 U.S.C. 1092], relating to disclosures, shall be effective with respect to periods of enrollment beginning on or after
July 1, 1993; “(6) the changes in section 488 [20 U.S.C. 1095], relating to transfers of allotments, shall apply with respect to funds provided for award years beginning on or after
July 1, 1993; and “(7) the changes in section 489 [20 U.S.C. 1096], relating to payments for administrative expenses, shall apply with respect to funds provided for award years beginning on or after
July 1, 1993.”
Effective Date
of 1991 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 102–26 applicable to any grant, loan, or work assistance to cover the cost of instruction for periods of enrollment beginning on or after July 1, 1991, see section 2(d)(1) of Pub. L. 102–26, set out as a note under section 1085 of this title.
Effective Date
of 1990 Amendment section 3005(c) of Pub. L. 101–508, which provided that the
Amendments
made by section 3005 (amending this section and section 1091 of this title) were to apply to any grant, loan, or work assistance to cover the cost of instruction for periods of enrollment beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1991, was repealed by section 2(d)(2)(A) of Pub. L. 102–26. See
Construction
of 1991 Amendment note below.
Effective Date
of 1987 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–50 effective as if enacted as part of the Higher Education
Amendments
of 1986, Pub. L. 99–498, see section 27 of Pub. L. 100–50, set out as a note under section 1001 of this title.
Construction
of 2006 AmendmentNothing in amendment by section 8007(d) of Pub. L. 109–171 to be construed to authorize any refunding of any repayment of a loan, see section 8007(e) of Pub. L. 109–171, set out as a note under section 1078 of this title.
Construction
of 1991 Amendment Pub. L. 102–26, § 2(d)(2)(A), Apr. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 124, provided that: “section 3005 of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1990 [Pub. L. 101–508, amending this section and section 1091 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note above] is repealed. section 484(d) and 481(b) of the Act [20 U.S.C. 1091(d), 1088(b)] shall be applied as if such section 3005 had not been enacted.” Need-Based Aid Pub. L. 102–325, title XV, § 1544,
July 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 837, authorized institutions of higher education to voluntarily agree with other such institutions to award financial aid not awarded under this chapter to students attending such institutions only on basis of demonstrated financial need for such aid, and to discuss and adopt principles of professional judgment for determining student financial need for such aid, with exceptions for cases pending on
July 23, 1992, and for discussions or agreements on prospective financial aid awards to specific common applicants, and provided that such authorization was to expire on Sept. 30, 1994, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–382, title V, § 568(e)(2), Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 4061. See section 568(a)–(d) of Pub. L. 103–382, set out as a note under section 1 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.
Reference
Citations & Metadata
Citation
20 U.S.C. § 1088
Title 20 — Education
Last Updated
Apr 6, 2026
Release point: 119-73