Title 21 — Food and DrugsRelease 119-73
§350h Standards for produce safety
Title 21 › Chapter CHAPTER 9— - FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT › Subchapter SUBCHAPTER IV— - FOOD › § 350h
Summary
The Secretary must write science-based minimum safety rules for growing and harvesting raw fruits and vegetables that can cause serious illness or death. A proposed rule had to be published no later than 1 year after January 4, 2011, and the public comment period must include at least 3 meetings in different parts of the country. The rules must work for different sizes and kinds of farms, including small and direct-to-consumer sellers. They must cover growing, harvesting, packing, storage, and things like soil amendments, hygiene, packaging, temperature control, animals in the growing area, and water. The rules must consider natural, accidental, and intentional hazards, avoid conflicting with the national organic program, set definitions for “small business” and “very small business,” and prioritize produce types based on known risks or past outbreaks. The final rule had to be adopted within 1 year after the comment period closed. The rule applies to a small business 1 year after the rule’s effective date and to a very small business 2 years after the rule’s effective date. States and foreign countries may ask for written variances from the rules if they can show the alternate practices still keep food safe; the Secretary will review requests, may approve or deny them, and can change or cancel approved variances after notice and a hearing. The Secretary will work with the Secretary of Agriculture, consult with Homeland Security as needed, and coordinate state education and enforcement. Updated good agricultural practices and guidance had to be published no later than 1 year after January 4, 2011, with at least 3 public outreach meetings. A farm is exempt for a year if, over the prior 3-year period, most of its sales were direct to qualified end-users and its average annual sales were less than $500,000 (adjusted for inflation). Exempt farms must display the farm name and address on labels or at the point of sale. The Secretary can withdraw an exemption during an active outbreak investigation or to protect public health. The rules do not apply to produce grown only for personal use or to activities covered by section 350g.
Full Legal Text
Title 21, §350h
Food and Drugs — Source: USLM XML via OLRC
(a)(1)(A)Not later than 1 year after January 4, 2011, the Secretary, in coordination with the Secretary of Agriculture and representatives of State departments of agriculture (including with regard to the national organic program established under the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 [7 U.S.C. 6501 et seq.]), and in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall publish a notice of proposed rulemaking to establish science-based minimum standards for the safe production and harvesting of those types of fruits and vegetables, including specific mixes or categories of fruits and vegetables, that are raw agricultural commodities for which the Secretary has determined that such standards minimize the risk of serious adverse health consequences or death.
(B)With respect to small businesses and very small businesses (as such terms are defined in the regulation promulgated under subparagraph (A)) that produce and harvest those types of fruits and vegetables that are raw agricultural commodities that the Secretary has determined are low risk and do not present a risk of serious adverse health consequences or death, the Secretary may determine not to include production and harvesting of such fruits and vegetables in such rulemaking, or may modify the applicable requirements of regulations promulgated pursuant to this section.
(2)During the comment period on the notice of proposed rulemaking under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall conduct not less than 3 public meetings in diverse geographical areas of the United States to provide persons in different regions an opportunity to comment.
(3)The proposed rulemaking under paragraph (1) shall—
(A)provide sufficient flexibility to be applicable to various types of entities engaged in the production and harvesting of fruits and vegetables that are raw agricultural commodities, including small businesses and entities that sell directly to consumers, and be appropriate to the scale and diversity of the production and harvesting of such commodities;
(B)include, with respect to growing, harvesting, sorting, packing, and storage operations, science-based minimum standards related to soil amendments, hygiene, packaging, temperature controls, animals in the growing area, and water;
(C)consider hazards that occur naturally, may be unintentionally introduced, or may be intentionally introduced, including by acts of terrorism;
(D)take into consideration, consistent with ensuring enforceable public health protection, conservation and environmental practice standards and policies established by Federal natural resource conservation, wildlife conservation, and environmental agencies;
(E)in the case of production that is certified organic, not include any requirements that conflict with or duplicate the requirements of the national organic program established under the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990, while providing the same level of public health protection as the requirements under guidance documents, including guidance documents regarding action levels, and regulations under the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act; and
(F)define, for purposes of this section, the terms “small business” and “very small business”.
(4)The Secretary shall prioritize the implementation of the regulations under this section for specific fruits and vegetables that are raw agricultural commodities based on known risks which may include a history and severity of foodborne illness outbreaks.
(b)(1)Not later than 1 year after the close of the comment period for the proposed rulemaking under subsection (a), the Secretary shall adopt a final regulation to provide for minimum science-based standards for those types of fruits and vegetables, including specific mixes or categories of fruits or vegetables, that are raw agricultural commodities, based on known safety risks, which may include a history of foodborne illness outbreaks.
(2)The final regulation shall—
(A)provide for coordination of education and enforcement activities by State and local officials, as designated by the Governors of the respective States or the appropriate elected State official as recognized by State statute; and
(B)include a description of the variance process under subsection (c) and the types of permissible variances the Secretary may grant.
(3)Notwithstanding paragraph (1)—
(A)the regulations promulgated under this section shall apply to a small business (as defined in the regulation promulgated under subsection (a)(1)) after the date that is 1 year after the effective date of the final regulation under paragraph (1); and
(B)the regulations promulgated under this section shall apply to a very small business (as defined in the regulation promulgated under subsection (a)(1)) after the date that is 2 years after the effective date of the final regulation under paragraph (1).
(c)(1)The regulations adopted under subsection (b) shall—
(A)set forth those procedures, processes, and practices that the Secretary determines to minimize the risk of serious adverse health consequences or death, including procedures, processes, and practices that the Secretary determines to be reasonably necessary to prevent the introduction of known or reasonably foreseeable biological, chemical, and physical hazards, including hazards that occur naturally, may be unintentionally introduced, or may be intentionally introduced, including by acts of terrorism, into fruits and vegetables, including specific mixes or categories of fruits and vegetables, that are raw agricultural commodities and to provide reasonable assurances that the produce is not adulterated under section 342 of this title;
(B)provide sufficient flexibility to be practicable for all sizes and types of businesses, including small businesses such as a small food processing facility co-located on a farm;
(C)comply with chapter 35 of title 44 (commonly known as the “Paperwork Reduction Act”), with special attention to minimizing the burden (as defined in section 3502(2) of such title) on the business, and collection of information (as defined in section 3502(3) of such title), associated with such regulations;
(D)acknowledge differences in risk and minimize, as appropriate, the number of separate standards that apply to separate foods; and
(E)not require a business to hire a consultant or other third party to identify, implement, certify, compliance 11 So in original. Probably should be “or certify compliance”. with these procedures, processes, and practices, except in the case of negotiated enforcement resolutions that may require such a consultant or third party; and
(F)permit States and foreign countries from which food is imported into the United States to request from the Secretary variances from the requirements of the regulations, subject to paragraph (2), where the State or foreign country determines that the variance is necessary in light of local growing conditions and that the procedures, processes, and practices to be followed under the variance are reasonably likely to ensure that the produce is not adulterated under section 342 of this title and to provide the same level of public health protection as the requirements of the regulations adopted under subsection (b).
(2)(A)A State or foreign country from which food is imported into the United States may in writing request a variance from the Secretary. Such request shall describe the variance requested and present information demonstrating that the variance does not increase the likelihood that the food for which the variance is requested will be adulterated under section 342 of this title, and that the variance provides the same level of public health protection as the requirements of the regulations adopted under subsection (b). The Secretary shall review such requests in a reasonable timeframe.
(B)The Secretary may approve a variance in whole or in part, as appropriate, and may specify the scope of applicability of a variance to other similarly situated persons.
(C)The Secretary may deny a variance request if the Secretary determines that such variance is not reasonably likely to ensure that the food is not adulterated under section 342 of this title and is not reasonably likely to provide the same level of public health protection as the requirements of the regulation adopted under subsection (b). The Secretary shall notify the person requesting such variance of the reasons for the denial.
(D)The Secretary, after notice and an opportunity for a hearing, may modify or revoke a variance if the Secretary determines that such variance is not reasonably likely to ensure that the food is not adulterated under section 342 of this title and is not reasonably likely to provide the same level of public health protection as the requirements of the regulations adopted under subsection (b).
(d)The Secretary may coordinate with the Secretary of Agriculture and, as appropriate, shall contract and coordinate with the agency or department designated by the Governor of each State to perform activities to ensure compliance with this section.
(e)(1)Not later than 1 year after January 4, 2011, the Secretary shall publish, after consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture, representatives of State departments of agriculture, farmer representatives, and various types of entities engaged in the production and harvesting or importing of fruits and vegetables that are raw agricultural commodities, including small businesses, updated good agricultural practices and guidance for the safe production and harvesting of specific types of fresh produce under this section.
(2)The Secretary shall conduct not fewer than 3 public meetings in diverse geographical areas of the United States as part of an effort to conduct education and outreach regarding the guidance described in paragraph (1) for persons in different regions who are involved in the production and harvesting of fruits and vegetables that are raw agricultural commodities, including persons that sell directly to consumers and farmer representatives, and for importers of fruits and vegetables that are raw agricultural commodities.
(3)The Secretary shall ensure that any updated guidance under this section will—
(A)provide sufficient flexibility to be practicable for all sizes and types of facilities, including small businesses such as a small food processing facility co-located on a farm; and
(B)acknowledge differences in risk and minimize, as appropriate, the number of separate standards that apply to separate foods.
(f)(1)A farm shall be exempt from the requirements under this section in a calendar year if—
(A)during the previous 3-year period, the average annual monetary value of the food sold by such farm directly to qualified end-users during such period exceeded the average annual monetary value of the food sold by such farm to all other buyers during such period; and
(B)the average annual monetary value of all food sold during such period was less than $500,000, adjusted for inflation.
(2)(A)A farm that is exempt from the requirements under this section shall—
(i)with respect to a food for which a food packaging label is required by the Secretary under any other provision of this chapter, include prominently and conspicuously on such label the name and business address of the farm where the produce was grown; or
(ii)with respect to a food for which a food packaging label is not required by the Secretary under any other provision of this chapter, prominently and conspicuously display, at the point of purchase, the name and business address of the farm where the produce was grown, on a label, poster, sign, placard, or documents delivered contemporaneously with the food in the normal course of business, or, in the case of Internet sales, in an electronic notice.
(B)Subparagraph (A) does not provide authority to the Secretary to require a label that is in addition to any label required under any other provision of this chapter.
(3)(A)In the event of an active investigation of a foodborne illness outbreak that is directly linked to a farm subject to an exemption under this subsection, or if the Secretary determines that it is necessary to protect the public health and prevent or mitigate a foodborne illness outbreak based on conduct or conditions associated with a farm that are material to the safety of the food produced or harvested at such farm, the Secretary may withdraw the exemption provided to such farm under this subsection.
(B)Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to expand or limit the inspection authority of the Secretary.
(4)(A)In this subsection, the term “qualified end-user”, with respect to a food means—
(i)the consumer of the food; or
(ii)a restaurant or retail food establishment (as those terms are defined by the Secretary for purposes of section 350d of this title) that is located—
(I)in the same State as the farm that produced the food; or
(II)not more than 275 miles from such farm.
(B)For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “consumer” does not include a business.
(5)Nothing in this subsection preempts State, local, county, or other non-Federal law regarding the safe production, harvesting, holding, transportation, and sale of fresh fruits and vegetables. Compliance with this subsection shall not relieve any person from liability at common law or under State statutory law.
(6)Nothing in this subsection shall prevent the Secretary from exercising any authority granted in the other sections of this chapter.
(g)This section shall not apply to produce that is produced by an individual for personal consumption.
(h)This section shall not apply to activities of a facility that are subject to section 350g of this title.
Legislative History
Notes & Related Subsidiaries
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The Organic Foods Production Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(A), (3)(E), is title XXI of Pub. L. 101–624, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3935, which is classified generally to chapter 94 (§ 6501 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see
Short Title
note set out under section 6501 of Title 7 and Tables. The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(3)(E), is Pub. L. 111–353, Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3885, which enacted chapter 27 (§ 2201 et seq.) and sections 350g to 350l–1, 379j–31, 384a to 384d, 399c, and 399d of this title, section 7625 of Title 7, Agriculture, and section 280g–16 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amended section 331, 333, 334, 350b to 350d, 350f, 374, 381, 393, and 399 of this title and section 247b–20 of Title 42, and enacted provisions set out as notes under section 331, 334, 342, 350b, 350d, 350e, 350g to 350j, 350l, and 381 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see
Short Title
note set out under section 2201 of this title and Tables.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Construction
Nothing in this section to be construed to apply to certain alcohol-related facilities, to alter jurisdiction and authorities established under certain other Acts, or in a manner inconsistent with international agreements to which the United States is a party, see section 2206, 2251, and 2252 of this title. Scientific and Economic Analysis of the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act Pub. L. 113–79, title XII, § 12311(a), Feb. 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 992, provided that: “When publishing a final rule with respect to ‘Standards for the Growing, Harvesting, Packing, and Holding of Produce for Human Consumption’ published by the Department of Health and Human Services on January 16, 2013 (78 Fed. Reg. 3504), the Secretary of Health and Human Services (referred to in this section as the ‘Secretary’) shall ensure that the final rule (referred to in this section as the ‘final rule’) includes the following information: “(1) An analysis of the scientific information used to promulgate the final rule, taking into consideration any information about farming and ranching operations of a variety of sizes, with regional differences, and that have a diversity of production practices and methods. “(2) An analysis of the economic impact of the final rule. “(3) A plan to systematically—“(A) evaluate the impact of the final rule on farming and ranching operations; and “(B) develop an ongoing process to evaluate and respond to business concerns.” Small Entity Compliance Policy Guide Pub. L. 111–353, title I, § 105(b), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3904, provided that: “Not later than 180 days after the issuance of
Regulations
under section 419 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 350h] (as added by subsection (a)), the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall issue a small entity compliance policy guide setting forth in plain language the requirements of such section 419 and to assist small entities in complying with standards for safe production and harvesting and other activities required under such section.” No Effect on HACCP Authorities Pub. L. 111–353, title I, § 105(d), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3905, provided that: “Nothing in the
Amendments
made by this section [enacting this section and amending section 331 of this title] limits the authority of the Secretary [of Health and Human Services] under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.) or the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 201 et seq.) to revise, issue, or enforce product and category-specific
Regulations
, such as the Seafood Hazard Analysis Critical Controls Points Program, the Juice Hazard Analysis Critical Control [Points] Program, and the Thermally Processed Low-Acid Foods Packaged in Hermetically Sealed Containers standards.”
Reference
Citations & Metadata
Citation
21 U.S.C. § 350h
Title 21 — Food and Drugs
Last Updated
Apr 6, 2026
Release point: 119-73