Title 7 — AgricultureRelease 119-73
§1301 Definitions
Title 7 › Chapter CHAPTER 35— - AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT OF 1938 › Subchapter SUBCHAPTER II— - LOANS, PARITY PAYMENTS, CONSUMER SAFEGUARDS, MARKETING QUOTAS, AND MARKETING CERTIFICATES › Part Part A— - Definitions, Loans, Parity Payments, and Consumer Safeguards › § 1301
Summary
Defines key words and explains how to figure "parity" values, supplies, yields, and marketing years for farm crops. Parity price is found by multiplying an adjusted base price by a parity index. The Secretary of Agriculture makes the price numbers and they are final. There is a transitional parity rule that reduces older parity prices by 5% for each full year after January 1, 1949 for non‑basic crops and after January 1, 1955 for basic crops (1956 is not counted for basic crops). The Secretary can hold public hearings if a commodity’s parity looks out of line and must finish those hearings and announce results within 60 days. For basic commodities, parity during the six‑year period starting January 1, 1950 cannot be below the parity level used before October 31, 1949. Gives short meanings for other terms used in the rules: parity (income), interstate and foreign commerce, affect interstate commerce, United States/State, Secretary/Department, person, and corn (means field corn). Crop terms defined include actual production, bushel weights (ear corn = 70 pounds, shelled corn = 56 pounds, each allowing up to 15.5% moisture), carry‑over (stocks on hand at the start of a marketing year, excluding current‑year production), and farm consumption. Commercial corn area is set where average farm production is at least 450 bushels and at least 4 bushels per acre, with investigations allowed before February 1. "Market" and related words cover selling, bartering, gifting, and for corn/wheat include feeding to livestock when the products are sold. Marketing years are: corn Sept 1–Aug 31; cotton Aug 1–July 31; rice Aug 1–July 31; flue‑cured tobacco July 1–June 30; other tobacco Oct 1–Sept 30; wheat June 1–May 31. Normal and projected yields and supplies are based on recent years of data, adjusted for trends and bad/good years (including rules using appraised yields when data are missing and caps at 75% and 125% where stated). Normal supply = past domestic use + estimated exports + a carry‑over allowance (carry‑over allowance: corn 15%, rice 10%, wheat 20%, peanuts 15%; cotton allowance 30%). Reserve supply for corn is normal consumption and exports plus 10%. Total supply = carry‑over + estimated production + estimated imports. The Secretary must use the latest federal statistics, and stocks held under the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act are excluded from carry‑over calculations.
Full Legal Text
Title 7, §1301
Agriculture — Source: USLM XML via OLRC
(a)For the purposes of this subchapter and the declaration of policy—
(1)(A)The “parity price” for any agricultural commodity, as of any date, shall be determined by multiplying the adjusted base price of such commodity as of such date by the parity index as of such date.
(B)The “adjusted base price” of any agricultural commodity, as of any date, shall be (i) the average of the prices received by farmers for such commodity, at such times as the Secretary may select during each year of the ten-year period ending on the 31st of December last before such date, or during each marketing season beginning in such period if the Secretary determines use of a calendar year basis to be impracticable, divided by (ii) the ratio of the general level of prices received by farmers for agricultural commodities during such period to the general level of prices received by farmers for agricultural commodities during the period January 1910 to December 1914, inclusive. As used in this subparagraph, the term “prices” shall include wartime subsidy payments made to producers under programs designed to maintain maximum prices established under the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942.
(C)The “parity index”, as of any date, shall be the ratio of (i) the general level of prices for articles and services that farmers buy, wages paid hired farm labor, interest on farm indebtedness secured by farm real estate, and taxes on farm real estate, for the calendar month ending last before such date to (ii) the general level of such prices, wages, rates, and taxes during the period January 1910 to December 1914, inclusive.
(D)The prices and indices provided for herein, and the data used in computing them, shall be determined by the Secretary, whose determination shall be final.
(E)Notwithstanding the provisions of subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the transitional parity price for any agricultural commodity, computed as provided in this subparagraph, shall be used as the parity price for such commodity until such date after January 1, 1950, as such transitional parity price may be lower than the parity price, computed as provided in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, for such commodity. The transitional parity price for any agricultural commodity as of any date shall be—
(i)its parity price determined in the manner used prior to the effective date of the Agricultural Act of 1948, less
(ii)5 per centum of the parity price so determined multiplied by the number of full calendar years (not counting 1956 in the case of basic agricultural commodities) which, as of such date, have elapsed after January 1, 1949, in the case of non-basic agricultural commodities, and after January 1, 1955, in the case of the basic agricultural commodities.
(F)Notwithstanding the provisions of subparagraphs (A) and (E) of this paragraph, if the parity price for any agricultural commodity, computed as provided in subparagraphs (A) and (E) of this paragraph, appears to be seriously out of line with the parity prices of other agricultural commodities, the Secretary may, and upon the request of a substantial number of interested producers shall, hold public hearings to determine the proper relationship between the parity price of such commodity and the parity prices of other agricultural commodities. Within sixty days after commencing such hearing the Secretary shall complete such hearing, proclaim his findings as to whether the facts require a revision of the method of computing the parity price of such commodity, and put into effect any revision so found to be required.
(G)Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this section, the parity price for any basic agricultural commodity, as of any date during the six-year period beginning January 1, 1950, shall not be less than its parity price computed in the manner used prior to October 31, 1949.
(2)“Parity”, as applied to income, shall be that gross income from agriculture which will provide the farm operator and his family with a standard of living equivalent to those afforded persons dependent upon other gainful occupation. “Parity” as applied to income from any agricultural commodity for any year, shall be that gross income which bears the same relationship to parity income from agriculture for such year as the average gross income from such commodity for the preceding ten calendar years bears to the average gross income from agriculture for such ten calendar years.
(3)The term “interstate and foreign commerce” means sale, marketing, trade, and traffic between any State or Territory or the District of Columbia or Puerto Rico, and any place outside thereof; or between points within the same State or Territory or within the District of Columbia or Puerto Rico, through any place outside thereof; or within any Territory or within the District of Columbia or Puerto Rico.
(4)The term “affect interstate and foreign commerce” means, among other things, in such commerce, or to burden or obstruct such commerce or the free and orderly flow thereof; or to create or tend to create a surplus of any agricultural commodity which burdens or obstructs such commerce or the free and orderly flow thereof.
(5)The term “United States” means the several States and Territories and the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.
(6)The term “State” includes a Territory and the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.
(7)The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Agriculture, and the term “Department” means the Department of Agriculture.
(8)The term “person” means an individual, partnership, firm, joint-stock company, corporation, association, trust, estate, or any agency of a State.
(9)The term “corn” means field corn.
(b)For the purposes of this subchapter—
(1)(A)“Actual production” as applied to any acreage of corn means the number of bushels of corn which the local committee determines would be harvested as grain from such acreage if all the corn on such acreage were so harvested. In case of a disagreement between the farmer and the local committee as to the actual production of the acreage of corn on the farm, or in case the local committee determines that such actual production is substantially below normal, the local committee, in accordance with regulations of the Secretary, shall weigh representative samples of ear corn taken from the acreage involved, make proper deductions for moisture content, and determine the actual production of such acreage on the basis of such samples.
(B)“Actual production” of any number of acres of cotton, rice or peanuts on a farm means the actual average yield for the farm times such number of acres.
(2)“Bushel” means in the case of ear corn that amount of ear corn, including not to exceed 15½ per centum of moisture content, which weighs seventy pounds, and in the case of shelled corn, means that amount of shelled corn including not to exceed 15½ per centum of moisture content, which weighs fifty-six pounds.
(3)(A)“Carry-over”, in the case of corn, rice, and peanuts for any marketing year shall be the quantity of the commodity on hand in the United States at the beginning of such marketing year, not including any quantity which was produced in the United States during the calendar year then current.
(B)“Carry-over” of cotton for any marketing year shall be the quantity of cotton on hand in the United States at the beginning of such marketing year, not including any part of the crop which was produced in the United States during the calendar year then current.
(C)“Carry-over” of wheat, for any marketing year shall be the quantity of wheat on hand in the United States at the beginning of such marketing year, not including any wheat which was produced in the United States during the calendar year then current, and not including any wheat held by the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation under the Federal Crop Insurance Act [7 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.].
(4)(A)“Commercial corn-producing area” shall include all counties in which the average production of corn (excluding corn used as silage) during the ten calendar years immediately preceding the calendar year for which such area is determined, after adjustment for abnormal weather conditions, is four hundred and fifty bushels or more per farm and four bushels or more for each acre of farm land in the county.
(B)Whenever prior to February 1 of any calendar year the Secretary has reason to believe that any county which is not included in the commercial corn-producing area determined pursuant to the provisions of subparagraph (A) of this subsection, but which borders upon one of the counties in such area, or that any minor civil division in a county bordering on such area, is producing (excluding corn used for silage) an average of at least four hundred and fifty bushels of corn per farm and an average of at least four bushels for each acre of farm land in the county or in the minor civil division, as the case may be, he shall cause immediate investigation to be made to determine such fact. If, upon the basis of such investigation, the Secretary finds that such county or minor civil division is likely to produce corn in such average amounts during such calendar year, he shall proclaim such determination and, commencing with such calendar year, such county shall be included in the commercial corn-producing area. In the case of a county included in the commercial corn-producing area pursuant to this subparagraph, whenever prior to February 1 of any calendar year the Secretary has reason to believe that facts justifying the inclusion of such county are not likely to exist in such calendar year, he shall cause an immediate investigation to be made with respect thereto. If, upon the basis of such investigation, the Secretary finds that such facts are not likely to exist in such calendar year, he shall proclaim such determination, and commencing with such calendar year, such county shall be excluded from the commercial corn-producing area.
(5)“Farm consumption” of corn means consumption by the farmer’s family, employees, or household, or by his work stock; or consumption by poultry or livestock on his farm if such poultry or livestock, or the products thereof, are consumed or to be consumed by the farmer’s family, employees, or household.
(6)(A)“Market”, in the case of corn, cotton, rice, and wheat, means to dispose of, in raw or processed form, by voluntary or involuntary sale, barter, or exchange, or by gift inter vivos, and, in the case of corn and wheat, by feeding (in any form) to poultry or livestock which, or the products of which, are sold, bartered, or exchanged, or to be so disposed of, but does not include disposing of any such commodities as premium to the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation under the Federal Crop Insurance Act [7 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.].
(B)“Marketed”, “marketing”, and “for market” shall have corresponding meanings to the term “market” in the connection in which they are used.
(C)“Market”, in the case of peanuts, means to dispose of peanuts, including farmers’ stock peanuts, shelled peanuts, cleaned peanuts, or peanuts in processed form, by voluntary or involuntary sale, barter, or exchange, or by gift inter vivos.
(7)“Marketing year” means, in the case of the following commodities, the period beginning on the first and ending with the second date specified below:Corn, September 1–August 31; Cotton, August 1–July 31; Rice, August 1–July 31; Tobacco (flue-cured), July 1–June 30; Tobacco (other than flue-cured), October 1–September 30; Wheat, June 1–May 31.
(8)(A)“National average yield” as applied to cotton or wheat shall be the national average yield per acre of the commodity during the ten calendar years in the case of wheat, and during the five calendar years in the case of cotton, preceding the year in which such national average yield is used in any computation authorized in this subchapter, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions and, in the case of wheat, but not in the case of cotton, for trends in yields.
(B)“Projected national yield” as applied to any crop of wheat shall be determined on the basis of the national yield per harvested acre of the commodity during each of the five calendar years immediately preceding the year in which such projected national yield is determined, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions affecting such yield, for trends in yields and for any significant changes in production practices.
(9)“Normal production” as applied to any number of acres of corn or rice means the normal yield for the farm times such number of acres. “Normal production” as applied to any number of acres of cotton or wheat means the projected farm yield times such number of acres.
(10)(A)“Normal supply” in the case of corn, rice, wheat, and peanuts for any marketing year shall be (i) the estimated domestic consumption of the commodity for the marketing year ending immediately prior to the marketing year for which normal supply is being determined, plus (ii) the estimated exports of the commodity for the marketing year for which normal supply is being determined, plus (iii) an allowance for carry-over. The allowance for carry-over shall be the following percentage of the sum of the consumption and exports used in computing normal supply: 15 per centum in the case of corn; 10 per centum in the case of rice; 20 per centum in the case of wheat; and 15 per centum in the case of peanuts. In determining normal supply the Secretary shall make such adjustments for current trends in consumption and for unusual conditions as he may deem necessary.
(B)The “normal supply” of cotton for any marketing year shall be the estimated domestic consumption of cotton for the marketing year for which such normal supply is being determined, plus the estimated exports of cotton for such marketing year, plus, 30 per centum of the sum of such consumption and exports as an allowance for carry-over.
(11)(A)“Normal year’s domestic consumption”, in the case of corn and wheat, shall be the yearly average quantity of the commodity, wherever produced, that was cosumed 11 So in original. Probably should be “consumed”. in the United States during the ten marketing years immediately preceding the marketing year in which such consumption is determined, adjusted for current trends in such consumption.
(B)“Normal year’s domestic consumption”, in the case of cotton, shall be the yearly average quantity of the commodity produced in the United States that was consumed in the United States during the ten marketing years immediately preceding the marketing year in which such consumption is determined, adjusted for current trends in such consumption.
(C)“Normal year’s domestic consumption”, in the case of rice, shall be the yearly average quantity of rice produced in the United States that was consumed in the United States during the five marketing years immediately preceding the marketing year in which such consumption is determined, adjusted for current trends in such consumption.
(12)“Normal year’s exports” in the case of corn, cotton, rice, and wheat shall be the yearly average quantity of the commodity produced in the United States that was exported from the United States during the ten marketing years (or, in the case of rice, the five marketing years) immediately preceding the marketing year in which such exports are determined, adjusted for current trends in such exports.
(13)(A)Repealed. Pub. L. 87–703, title III, § 320(1), Sept. 27, 1962, 76 Stat. 625.
(B)“Normal yield” for any county, in the case of peanuts, shall be the average yield per acre of peanuts for the county, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions, during the five calendar years immediately preceding the year in which such normal yield is determined. For 1942, the normal yield for any county, in the case of peanuts, shall be the average yield per acre for peanuts for the county, adjusted for abnormal conditions, during the years 1936–1940, inclusive, except that for any county in which the years 1935–1939, inclusive, are equally as representative, such period may be used in determining the normal yields for counties in the State.
(C)In applying subparagraph (A) or (B) of this paragraph, if for any such year the data are not available, or there is no actual yield, an appraised yield for such year, determined in accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary, shall be used as the actual yield for such year. In applying such subparagraphs, if, on account of drought, flood, insect pests, plant disease, or other uncontrollable natural cause, the yield in any year of such ten-year period or five-year period, as the case may be, is less than 75 per centum of the average (computed without regard to such year) such year shall be eliminated in calculating the normal yield per acre.
(D)“Normal yield” for any county, in the case of rice and wheat, shall be the average yield per acre of rice or wheat, as the case may be, for the county during the five calendar years immediately preceding the year for which such normal yield is determined in the case of rice, or during the five years immediately preceding the year in which such normal yield is determined in the case of wheat, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions and for trends in yields. If for any such year data are not available, or there is no actual yield, an appraised yield for such year, determined in accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary, taking into consideration the yields obtained in surrounding counties during such year and the yield in years for which data are available, shall be used as the actual yield for such year.
(E)“Normal yield” for any farm, in the case of rice and wheat, shall be the average yield per acre of rice or wheat, as the case may be, for the farm during the five calendar years immediately preceding the year for which such normal yield is determined in the case of rice, or during the five years immediately preceding the year in which such normal yield is determined in the case of wheat, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions and for trends in yields. If for any such year the data are not available or there is no actual yield, then the normal yield for the farm shall be appraised in accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary, taking into consideration abnormal weather conditions, trends in yields, the normal yield for the county, the yields obtained on adjacent farms during such year and the yield in years for which data are available.
(F)In applying subparagraphs (D) and (E) of this paragraph, if on account of drought, flood, insect pests, plant disease, or other uncontrollable natural cause, the yield for any year of such five-year period is less than 75 per centum of the average, 75 per centum of such average shall be substituted therefor in calculating the normal yield per acre. If, on account of abnormally favorable weather conditions, the yield for any year of such five-year period is in excess of 125 per centum of the average, 125 per centum of such average shall be substituted therefor in calculating the normal yield per acre.
(G)“Normal yield” for any farm, in the case of corn or peanuts, shall be the average yield per acre of corn or peanuts, as the case may be, for the farm, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions, during the five calendar years immediately preceding the year in which such normal yield is determined. For 1942, the normal yield for any farm, in the case of peanuts, shall be the average yield per acre of peanuts for the farm, adjusted for abnormal conditions, during the years 1936–1940, inclusive, except that for any county in which the years 1935–1939, inclusive, are equally as representative, such period may be used in determining normal yields for farms in the county. If for any such year the data are not available or there is no actual yield, then the normal yield for the farm shall be appraised in accordance with regulations of the Secretary, taking into consideration abnormal weather conditions, the normal yield for the county, and the yield in years for which data are available.
(H)“Normal yield” for any county, for any crop of cotton, shall be the average yield per acre of cotton for the county, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions and any significant changes in production practices during the five calendar years immediately preceding the year in which the national marketing quota for such crop is proclaimed. If for any such year the data are not available, or there is no actual yield, an appraised yield for such year, determined in accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary, shall be used as the actual yield for such year.
(I)“Normal yield” for any farm, for any crop of cotton, shall be the average yield per acre of cotton for the farm, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions and any significant changes in production practices during the three calendar years immediately preceding the year in which such normal yield is determined. If for any such year the data are not available, or there is no actual yield, then the normal yield for the farm shall be appraised in accordance with regulations of the Secretary, taking into consideration abnormal weather conditions, the normal yield for the county, changes in production practices, and the yield in years for which data are available.
(J)“Projected county yield” for any crop of wheat shall be determined on the basis of the yield per harvested acre of such commodity in the county during each of the five calendar years immediately preceding the year in which such projected county yield is determined, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions affecting such yield, for trends in yields and for any significant changes in production practices.
(K)“Projected farm yield” for any crop of wheat shall be determined on the basis of the yield per harvested acre of such commodity on the farm during each of the three calendar years immediately preceding the year in which such projected farm yield is determined, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions affecting such yield, for trends in yields and for any significant changes in production practices, but in no event shall such projected farm yield be less than the normal yield for such farm as provided in subparagraph (E) of this paragraph.
(L)“Projected national, State, and county yields” for any crop of cotton shall be determined on the basis of the yield per harvested acre of such crop in the United States, the State and the county, respectively, during each of the five calendar years immediately preceding the year in which such projected yield for the United States, the State, and the county, respectively, is determined, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions affecting such yield, for trends in yields, and for any significant changes in production practices.
(M)“Projected farm yield” for any crop of cotton shall be determined on the basis of the yield per harvested acre of such crop on the farm during each of the three calendar years immediately preceding the year in which such projected farm yield is determined, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions affecting such yield, for trends in yields, and for any significant changes in production practices, but in no event shall such projected farm yield be less than the normal yield for such farm as provided in subparagraph (I) of this paragraph.
(14)“Reserve supply level”, in the case of corn, shall be a normal year’s domestic consumption and exports of corn plus 10 per centum of a normal year’s domestic consumption and exports, to insure a supply adequate to meet domestic consumption and export needs in years of drought, flood, or other adverse conditions, as well as in years of plenty.
(15)(A)“Total supply” of wheat, corn, rice, and peanuts for any marketing year shall be the carry-over of the commodity for such marketing year, plus the estimated production of the commodity in the United States during the calendar year in which such marketing year begins and the estimated imports of the commodity into the United States during such marketing year.
(B)“Total supply” of cotton for any marketing year shall be the carry-over at the beginning of such marketing year, plus the estimated production of cotton in the United States during the calendar year in which such marketing year begins and the estimated imports of cotton into the United States during such marketing year.
(c)The latest available statistics of the Federal Government shall be used by the Secretary in making the determinations required to be made by the Secretary under this chapter.
(d)In making any determination under this chapter or under the Agricultural Act of 1949 [7 U.S.C. 1421 et seq.] with respect to the carryover of any agricultural commodity, the Secretary shall exclude from such determination the stocks of any commodity acquired pursuant to, or under the authority of, the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act (60 Stat. 596) [50 U.S.C. 98 et seq.].
Legislative History
Notes & Related Subsidiaries
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The Emergency Price Control Act of 1942, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(B), was act Jan. 30, 1942, ch. 26, 56 Stat. 23, which was classified to section 901 et seq. of the former Appendix to Title 50, War and National Defense, and which terminated June 30, 1947. For
Effective Date
of the Agricultural Act of 1948, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(E)(i), see
Effective Date
of 1948 Amendment note set out under section 624 of this title with reference to title I of said act, and
Effective Date
of 1948 Amendment note set out below with reference to titles II and III of said Act. The Federal Crop Insurance Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(C), (6)(A), is subtitle A of title V of act Feb. 16, 1938, ch. 30, 52 Stat. 72, which is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 1501 et seq.) of chapter 36 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1501 of this title and Tables. The Agricultural Act of 1949, referred to in subsec. (d), is act Oct. 31, 1949, ch. 792, 63 Stat. 1051, which is classified principally to chapter 35A (§ 1421 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see
Short Title
note set out under section 1421 of this title and Tables. The Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act, referred to in subsec. (d), is act
June 7, 1939, ch. 190, as revised generally by Pub. L. 96–41, § 2,
July 30, 1979, 93 Stat. 319, which is classified generally to subchapter III (§ 98 et seq.) of chapter 5 of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 98 of Title 50 and Tables.
Amendments
2004—Subsec. (b)(3)(C), (D). Pub. L. 108–357, § 611(f)(1), redesignated subpar. (D) as (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which defined “carry-over” of tobacco for any marketing year. Subsec. (b)(6)(A). Pub. L. 108–357, § 611(f)(2), struck out “tobacco,” after “rice,”. Subsec. (b)(10)(B), (C). Pub. L. 108–357, § 611(f)(3), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which defined “normal supply” in the case of tobacco. Subsec. (b)(11)(B). Pub. L. 108–357, § 611(f)(4), struck out “and tobacco” after “cotton”. Subsec. (b)(12). Pub. L. 108–357, § 611(f)(5), struck out “tobacco,” after “rice,”. Subsec. (b)(14). Pub. L. 108–357, § 611(f)(6), struck out “(A)” after “(14)” and subpars. (B) to (D) which defined “reserve supply level” of tobacco, “reserve stock level” in the case of Flue-cured tobacco, and “reserve stock level” in the case of Burley tobacco. Subsec. (b)(15). Pub. L. 108–357, § 611(f)(7), (10), redesignated par. (16) as (15) and struck out former par. (15) which defined “tobacco” and “kind of tobacco”. Subsec. (b)(16). Pub. L. 108–357, § 611(f)(10), redesignated par. (16) as (15). Subsec. (b)(16)(B), (C). Pub. L. 108–357, § 611(f)(8), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which defined “total supply” of tobacco for any marketing year. Subsec. (b)(17). Pub. L. 108–357, § 611(f)(9), struck out par. (17) which defined “domestic manufacturer of cigarettes”. 2002—Subsec. (b)(14)(C). Pub. L. 107–171 substituted “60,000,000” for “100,000,000” in cl. (i) and “10 percent” for “15 percent” in cl. (ii). 1986—Subsec. (b)(14)(C), (D). Pub. L. 99–272, § 1103(a)(1), added subpars. (C) and (D). Subsec. (b)(17). Pub. L. 99–272, § 1103(a)(2), added par. (17). 1985—Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 99–198 substituted “Corn, September 1–August 31” for “Corn, October 1–September 30”. 1982—Subsec. (b)(15). Pub. L. 97–218 inserted proviso that for purposes of section 1314e of this title, types 22 and 23, fire-cured tobacco shall be treated as one “kind of tobacco”. 1975—Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 94–61 substituted “Wheat, June 1–May 31” for “Wheat, July 1–June 30”. 1973—Subsec. (b)(13)(K). Pub. L, 91–524, § 405(b), as added by Pub. L. 93–86, temporarily inserted “(five calendar years in the case of wheat)” after “three calendar years”. See Effective and Termination Dates of 1973 Amendment note below. 1965—Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 89–321, § 509(1), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpar. (B). Subsec. (b)(9). Pub. L. 89–321, § 511(a), struck out “cotton” and “wheat” in first sentence, and inserted definition of normal production when applied to any number of acres of cotton or wheat. Subsec. (b)(13). Pub. L. 89–321, §§ 403, 509(2), added subpars. (J), (K), (L), and (M). 1964—Subsec. (b)(13). Pub. L. 88–297, § 106(5)–(7), struck out “cotton or” before “peanuts” in subpar. (B) in two places, struck out “, cotton,” after “corn” in subpar. (G) in two places, and added subpars. (H) and (I), respectively. 1962—Subsec. (b)(13). Pub. L. 87–703 struck out par. (A) which defined “normal yield” for any county in the case of corn or wheat; inserted in pars. (D) and (E) “and wheat” after “in the case of rice”, “or wheat, as the case may be,” after “per acre of rice”, and “in the case of rice, or during the five years immediately preceding the year in which such normal yield is determined in the case of wheat” after “determined”; and struck out from par. (G) “wheat,” after “corn,” in two places, “and, in the case of wheat, but not in the case of corn, cotton, or peanuts, for trends in yields” after “abnormal weather conditions”, “ten calendar years in the case of wheat, and” before “five calendar years” and “in the case of corn, cotton, or peanuts” after “five calendar years”. 1957—Subsec. (b)(15). Pub. L. 85–92 inserted proviso relating to treatment of type 21 fire-cured tobacco as a “kind of tobacco”. 1956—Subsec. (a)(1)(E). Act
May 28, 1956, § 602, inserted “(not counting 1956 in the case of basic agricultural commodities)” after “full calendar years”. Subsec. (b)(13). Act
May 28, 1956, § 502, limited determination of normal yield provided for in subpar. (D) only to counties and authorized adjustments for abnormal weather conditions and for trends in yields, added subpars. (E) and (F), and redesignated subpar. (E) as (G). 1954—Subsec. (a)(1)(E). Act Aug. 28, 1954, § 301, changed definition of “transitional parity price” as applied to basic agricultural commodities so as to make it “old parity” less 5 per centum for each full year elapsed since Jan. 1, 1955, instead of Jan. 1, 1949. Subsec. (b). Act Aug. 28, 1954, § 302, increased carryover allowance from 10 per centum to 15 per centum in case of corn and from 15 per centum to 20 per centum in case of wheat in subpar. (10)(A), and provided for computing county and farm “normal yields” on the basis of 5-year yields instead of 10-year yields in case of corn in subpars. (13)(A) and (13)(E). 1953—Subsec. (d). Act
July 14, 1953, added subsec. (d). 1952—Subsec. (a)(1)(G). Act
July 17, 1952, extended dual parity provisions for two years. Subsec. (b)(3)(C), (16)(B). Act
July 8, 1952, provided for computation of carry-over as of Jan. 1st, following the beginning of the marketing year instead of Oct. 1st the beginning of the marketing year. 1949—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Act Oct. 31, 1949, § 409(a), inserted last sentence. Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Act Oct. 31, 1949, § 409(b), inserted “, wages paid hired farm labor” after “buy” and “, wages” after “such prices”. Subsec. (a)(1)(G). Act Oct. 31, 1949, § 409(c), added subpar. (G). Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Act Oct. 31, 1949, § 418(b), included the actual production of rice. Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Act Oct. 31, 1949, § 415(e), repealed amendatory provisions of act
July 3, 1948, ch. 827, title II, § 201(c), 62 Stat. 1250. Act Aug. 29, 1949, § 2(a)(1), changed definition of “carry-over” of cotton by excluding United States cotton on hand outside the United States. Subsec. (b)(9). Act Oct. 31, 1949, § 418(c), included normal production of rice. Subsec. (b)(10(A). Act Oct. 31, 1949, § 409(d), increased from 7 per centum to 10 per centum the carryover allowance for corn. Act Aug. 29, 1949, § 2(a)(2), made provision inapplicable to cotton. Subsec. (b)(10)(C). Act Aug. 29, 1949, § 2(a)(2), added subpar. (C) which was also reenacted by act Oct. 31, 1949, § 415(c). Subsec. (b)(16)(A). Act Oct. 31, 1949, § 415(d), struck out “cotton,” after “corn,”. Act Aug. 29, 1949, § 2(a)(3), made provision inapplicable to cotton. Subsec. (b)(16)(C). Act Aug. 29, 1949, § 2(a)(3), added subpar. (C) which was also reenacted by act Oct. 31, 1949, § 415(d). 1948—Subsec. (a). Act
July 3, 1948, § 201(a), struck out paragraphs (1) and (2) and inserted new paragraphs (1) and (2) to change the method of computing parity prices to give recognition to changes in relationships among the prices of agricultural commodities themselves which have occurred since the base period 1910 to 1914, and redefined “parity”. Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Act
July 3, 1948, § 201(b), redefined “carry-over” in the case of corn, rice, and peanuts. Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Act
July 3, 1948, § 201(c), redefined “carry-over” in the case of cotton. Subsec. (b)(10). Act
July 3, 1948, § 201(d), redefined “normal supply”. Subsec. (b)(16). Act
July 3, 1948, § 201(e), redefined “total supply”. 1942—Subsec. (b)(13)(B). Act
July 9, 1942, § 1(4), inserted “or peanuts” after “cotton” wherever appearing, and added a new sentence reading “For 1942, the normal yield for any county, in the case of peanuts, shall be the average yield per acre for peanuts for the county, adjusted for abnormal conditions, during the years 1936–1940, inclusive, except that for any county in which the years 1935–1939, inclusive, are equally as representative, such period may be used in determining the normal yields for counties in the State”. Subsec. (b)(13)(E). Act
July 9, 1942, § 1(5), struck out “or” after “wheat” and before “cotton” wherever appearing, inserted “or peanuts” after “cotton” wherever appearing, and inserted after first sentence “For 1942, the normal yield for any farm, in the case of peanuts, shall be the average yield per acre of peanuts for the farm, adjusted for abnormal conditions, during the years 1936–1940, inclusive, except that for any county in which the years 1935–1939, inclusive, are equally as representative, such period may be used in determining normal yields for farms in the county”. 1941—Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Act
April 3, 1941, § 2, inserted “or peanuts” after “cotton”. Subsec. (b)(6)(C). Act Apr. 3, 1941, § 3, added subpar. (C). 1940—Subsec. (a)(1). Act Nov. 22, 1940, § 3, inserted “and, in the case of Burley and flue-cured tobacco, shall be the period August 1934 to July 1939; except that the August 1919–July 1929 base period shall be used in allocating any funds appropriated prior to
September 1, 1940” after “July, 1929” in last sentence. Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Act
June 13, 1940, inserted exception. Former subsec. (b)(6)(C), (D) were omitted in amendment to subsec. (b)(6) by act
July 2, 1940. Subsec. (b)(13)(A). Act
July 2, 1940, § 4, among other changes inserted “or wheat” after “corn” wherever appearing and substituted “county” for “farm” wherever appearing. Subsec. (b)(13)(B). Act
July 2, 1940, § 5, among other changes, struck out “wheat or” before “cotton” and “and, in the case of wheat but not in the case of cotton, for trends in yields, during the ten calendar years in the case of wheat, and” after “weather conditions”. Subsec. (b)(13)(E). Act Nov. 25, 1940, in first sentence substituted “in which such normal yield is determined” for “with respect to such normal yield is used in any computation authorized under this title”. Subsec. (b)(15). Act Nov. 22, 1940, §§ 1, 4, among other changes substituted “Fire-cured tobacco comprising types 21, 22, 23, and 24; Dark air-cured tobacco comprising types 35 and 36” for “Fire-cured and dark air cured tobacco comprising types 21, 22, 23, 24, 35, 36, and 37” and inserted proviso at end of last sentence. 1938—Subsec. (b)(13). Act Apr. 7, 1938, substituted “county” for “farm” in subpars. (A) and (B) and added subpar. (E).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date
of 2004 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to the 2005 and subsequent crops of tobacco, see section 643 of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an
Effective Date
note under section 518 of this title.
Effective Date
of 1975 Amendment Pub. L. 94–61, § 2,
July 25, 1975, 89 Stat. 302, provided that: “The amendment made by the first section of this Act [amending this section] shall become effective
June 1, 1975”. Effective and Termination Dates of 1973 Amendment Pub. L. 91–524, title IV, § 405(b), as added by Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(12)(a), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 229, provided that the amendment made by Pub. L. 91–524 is effective with respect to the 1974 through 1977 crops.
Effective Date
of 1965 Amendment Pub. L. 89–321, title V, § 511(a), Nov. 3, 1965, 79 Stat. 1205, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective beginning with the crop planted for harvest in 1966.
Effective Date
of 1962 Amendment Pub. L. 87–703, title III, § 323, Sept. 27, 1962, 76 Stat. 626, provided that: “The
Amendments
to the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, as amended, and to Public Law 74, Seventy-seventh Congress, as amended, made by sections 310 through 322 of this Act [enacting section 1334b and 1339 of this title, amending this section and sections 1331 to 1336, 1340, 1371 and 1385 of this title, and repealing section 1337 of this title] shall be in effect only with respect to programs applicable to the crops planted for harvest in the calendar year 1964 or any subsequent year and the marketing years beginning in the calendar year 1964, or any subsequent year”.
Effective Date
of 1949 AmendmentAct Oct. 31, 1949, ch. 792, title IV, § 415(a), (b), 63 Stat. 1057, provided that: “(a) Except as modified by this Act or by Public Law 272 [see Tables for classification], Eighty-first Congress, section 201(b), 201(d), 201(e), 203, 207(a), and 208 of the Agricultural Act of 1948 [amending this section and section 1312, 1322, and 1328 of this title] shall be effective for the purpose of taking any action with respect to the 1950 and subsequent crops upon the enactment of this Act [Oct. 31, 1949]. If the time within which any such action is required to be taken shall have elapsed prior to the enactment of this Act, such action shall be taken within thirty days after the enactment of the Act. “(b) No provision of the Agricultural Act of 1948 shall be deemed to supersede any provision of Public Law 272, Eighty-first Congress.”
Effective Date
of 1948 AmendmentAct
July 3, 1948, ch. 827, title III, § 303, 62 Stat. 1259, provided that: “Titles II and III of this Act [amending this section and section 602, 608c, 612c, 672, 1301a, 1302, 1312, 1322, 1328, 1333, 1335, 1336, 1343, 1345, 1355, and 1385 of this title and repealing section 608e and 1322a of this title] shall take effect on
January 1, 1950.”
Savings Provision
Amendment by sections 611 to 614 of Pub. L. 108–357 not to affect the liability of any person under any provision of law so amended with respect to the 2004 or an earlier crop of tobacco, see section 614 of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 515 of this title. Rulemaking Procedures Pub. L. 99–272, title I, § 1108(c), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 95, provided that: “The Secretary of Agriculture shall implement sections 1102 through 1109, and the
Amendments
made by such sections [enacting section 1314g, 1314h, and 1445–3 of this title, amending this section and section 1312, 1314c, 1314e, 1372, 1445, 1445–1, and 1445–2 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 1314c, 1314e, 1314g, 1314h, 1372, 1445, 1445–1, and 1445–2 of this title], without regard to the provisions requiring notice and other procedures for public participation in rulemaking contained in section 553 of title 5, United States Code, or in any directive of the Secretary.” Study of Methods of Improving Parity FormulaAct May 28, 1956, ch. 327, title VI, § 602, 70 Stat. 213, required the Secretary to make a thorough study of the possible methods of improving the parity formula and report thereon, with specific recommendations, including drafts of necessary legislation to carry out such recommendations, to Congress not later than Jan. 31, 1957.
Executive Documents
Transfer of Functions
Functions of all officers, agencies, and employees of Department of Agriculture transferred, with certain exceptions, to Secretary of Agriculture by 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 2, § 1, eff.
June 4, 1953, 18 F.R. 3219, 67 Stat. 633, set out as a note under section 2201 of this title. Administration of program of Federal Crop Insurance Corporation transferred to Secretary of Agriculture by 1946 Reorg. Plan No. 3, § 501, eff.
July 16, 1946, 11 F.R. 7877, 60 Stat. 1100, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Functions of Bureau of Agricultural Economics transferred to other units of Department of Agriculture under Secretary’s memorandum 1320, supp. 4, of Nov. 2, 1953.
Reference
Citations & Metadata
Citation
7 U.S.C. § 1301
Title 7 — Agriculture
Last Updated
Apr 6, 2026
Release point: 119-73