All Roll Calls
Yes: 399 • No: 12
Sponsored By: Representative Graves, Sam [R-MO-6]
Passed House
Boosts Coast Guard funding and capacity while reorganizing civilian leadership and strengthening cadet and survivor protections for sexual misconduct. The bill pairs large multi-year budget increases with new acquisition oversight, expanded personnel authorities, and modernization of mariner credentialing.
*This Act authorizes multi-year base funding that rises from $11.3 billion in FY2025 to $15.5 billion in FY2029, increasing federal spending for the Coast Guard over that period.*
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69 provisions identified: 50 benefits, 6 costs, 13 mixed.
If enacted, full‑time undergraduates could enlist in the Coast Guard Reserve and get up to $25,000 per academic year for up to five years. Applicants must be U.S. citizens, age 19–31 (unless waived), eligible for a secret clearance, and enrolled at an approved school usually within 100 miles of a Coast Guard unit. The active‑duty service obligation would be 3 months per month of instruction funded in the first 12 months and 1 month per month thereafter, or 3 years, whichever is greater. If obligations are not met, members could be ordered to active duty for up to 4 years and required to repay under 37 U.S.C. 303a(e).
If enacted, the Coast Guard could grow to 50,000 members in FY2025–FY2026, 55,000 in FY2027, and 60,000 in FY2028–FY2029. The Commandant would be able to directly hire qualified people for certain hard‑to‑fill jobs through September 30, 2030. Civilian firefighters at remote Coast Guard locations would be eligible for recruitment, relocation, and retention bonuses, with yearly reports on results.
If enacted, special‑victim protections would extend to the Coast Guard and add the Coast Guard Investigative Service. The Commandant would have to set a fast transfer option, strengthen anti‑retaliation rules, and speed victim access to case records with minimal redactions. Members who reported a sex‑related offense within the last 5 years could request a temporary separation. The career‑flexibility wait would drop from 2 months to 30 days, and survivor and VA‑related benefits would expand. Agencies would have to act on set timelines (120 days, 180 days, 270 days, and within one year).
If enacted, Congress would authorize Coast Guard funding for five years: about $11.29 billion (FY2025), $11.85 billion (FY2026), $13.5 billion (FY2027), $14.5 billion (FY2028), and $15.5 billion (FY2029). This keeps core operations, missions, and retired pay on a planned track.
If enacted, a review board could downgrade an honorable discharge to a general discharge when clear and convincing evidence shows sexual assault or sexual harassment under listed statutes. The board could not act if the same issue was already considered before separation. The Coast Guard would start rulemaking within 90 days and issue final rules that take effect within 180 days after release.
If enacted, retired grade decisions could be reopened for serious misconduct, including sexual assault or failure to report it, with standards due in 180 days. The officer separation review process would be overhauled by removing the board‑of‑review tier and requiring new procedures by regulation. Coast Guard flag officers and Senior Executives with clearances would face continuous vetting. A title 10 rule would not apply to the Coast Guard until October 1, 2027. The Commandant could be reappointed only once for an additional 4‑year term.
If enacted, the Coast Guard would have to brief Congress every quarter on major acquisitions and give notice at least a week before big contract moves. It would send decision memos within five business days of approval and a detailed spending plan tied to Public Law 119‑21 within 90 days of that law’s enactment. Funds from that law could be used only if key acquisition laws are followed, and any foreign‑built component exception would need a written Presidential explanation to Congress. The Coast Guard could let another entity contract for ships funded by that law. The bill would also set best‑value selection steps for design and engineering work and adopt a standard definition of “lead systems integrator.”
If enacted, the Commandant would submit a helicopter fleet report within six months that assesses types, alternatives, and needed numbers by district. From FY2027 through FY2029, funds for helicopter procurement or modernization would be paused until the report is submitted, unless the Commandant gives weekly in‑person status briefings. The Coast Guard would keep at least 140 operational helicopters until the report is in and notify Congress within 5 business days if it falls below that level.
The Coast Guard would update curricula within two years to cover reporting, survivor safety, and legal resources. Annual training for all members would start within one year. First responder, leader, and new‑accession training would have added modules on short timelines.
If enacted, personal property held as evidence in a rape or sexual assault case could be returned after all legal and administrative steps are done. Victims who filed restricted reports could request return confidentially at any time. Victims would be told that early return could affect later legal steps if a report is made unrestricted.
Within 90 days, the Coast Guard would adopt a safe‑to‑report policy. It would explain how to handle minor collateral misconduct by victims or reporting witnesses, list mitigating and aggravating factors, and track these incidents anonymously.
If enacted, the Coast Guard would embed behavioral health technicians at three or more clinics within 270 days and report yearly through September 30, 2029. An independent review would start within 60 days to assess behavioral health care at Training Center Cape May, the Academy, and other training sites. Another study would begin within one year to improve medical record completeness and sharing with the Department of Veterans Affairs. Within one year, naloxone would be available on all installations and in every operational environment, with tracking and a Defense agreement to share data, and a briefing to Congress within two years.
If enacted, Coast Guard Academy cadets who are victims of covered offenses would get transfer decisions within 72 hours, with Secretary review in 72 hours if denied. Members who report a sexual assault within the past five years and show signs of mental or brain disorders could request a medical exam by approved clinicians. The Commandant would issue a victim care policy within 180 days, including in‑person handoffs (with permission) and staff training. De‑identified sexual harassment reports would be sent to Congress by April 30, 2025, and every two years after.
If enacted, an independent study would review Basic Allowance for Housing (BAH) anchor points and find duty locations where BAH is under 95% of local housing costs. The Commandant would then send an implementation plan within one year of that report. Another study would examine permanent change of station (PCS) moves, including contractor performance, delays, and lost or damaged goods, with a report due within one year after the study starts.
Within 180 days, GAO would start a study of Coast Guard training facilities, including the Academy and training centers. The report, due within a year of starting, would list capital needs, security gaps, and hazards like lead, asbestos, black mold, radon, and unsafe water, with cleanup cost estimates.
If enacted, the Secretary could pay assignment or special duty pay to Coast Guard members serving as marine inspectors in billets the Commandant finds hard to fill. The Commandant would decide which billets qualify based on location, experience needs, or lack of candidates.
If enacted, Coast Guard family leave would cover placement of a minor child for adoption or long‑term foster care. Selected Reserve and Individual Ready Reserve members paid under 37 U.S.C. 206 would be covered. The Secretary could allow leave after one year for things like operations or training. Pregnant officers could get a cash allowance for maternity uniform items when the Coast Guard does not issue them.
If enacted, this would make it easier and faster to earn merchant mariner credentials. Able Seaman classes would be listed clearly, and applicants must be at least 18, show sea service, pass exams or education, and meet medical standards. Approved training could replace up to half of required sea days: each classroom day = 2 sea days; lab day = 4; simulator day = 6; underway day = 1.5 (each day is at least 7 hours). Required sea service would also drop in several cases (for example, 3 years would become 18 months; 18 months would become 12; 12 months would become 6).
The Coast Guard Academy would add electronic locks for each cadet room within two years and keep access logs. It would maintain existing locks, post crime‑reporting and support contacts in all dorm buildings, and create at least two private rooms for medical and telehealth within two years. GAO would assess campus security within one year, and the Coast Guard would update access policy within 30 days after that report.
If enacted, the minor construction threshold would rise from $1,500,000 to $4,000,000, which could reduce paperwork for small contractors. Fishing safety training grants would provide $6 million each year for FY2025–FY2029, awarded competitively. The Coast Guard could run up to four technology pilot projects at once, creating more chances to test and adopt new tech.
If enacted, the Commandant would brief Congress within 30 days on FY2024 costs to meet section 564 and again by November 1, 2025 and 2026 for FY2025–2026. If the President’s budget leaves out needed Operations and Support funding for authorized end strength, the Commandant would submit a non‑delegable report on missions, costs, recruiting, and training through 2032. At least 10 days before each fiscal year ends—or before a long continuing resolution ends—the Commandant would notify Congress about funding status and impacts. The Commandant would also submit an overdue‑reports status list within 60 days and by March 1 each year; if late, in‑person briefings would occur every 30 days until delivered.
If enacted, the Coast Guard would share ballast‑water test data with states, tribes, and territories upon request, when allowed by law. Within 180 days, the Coast Guard and State Department would update the joint U.S.–Canada maritime pollution plan and review risks by area. They would also run a joint pollution‑response exercise at least once each year.
This bill would boost planning and oversight of unmanned maritime tech. GAO would report within 18 months on current systems, costs, and results. Within 60 days, the Coast Guard would seek a National Academies study and get a report within a year. Within one year, the Coast Guard would send Congress a plan to create an uncrewed systems office. Within 90 days, the Secretary would form a 15‑member advisory committee on autonomous maritime systems.
If enacted, NOAA small uncrewed vessels under 35 feet would be exempt from certain rules for two years when needed for real‑time extreme‑weather and ocean data, with a Coast Guard safety override. The Coast Guard would offer one course each year for three years on small uncrewed maritime systems. NOAA would gain a permanent seat on the autonomous‑vessel policy council. Any unmanned aircraft the Coast Guard buys would have to support its primary duties. The Coast Guard could let the Under Secretary and research partners use certain acquired vessels for science at no charge. The Coast Guard would also study adding medium unmanned aircraft to more cutters and report within one year.
If enacted, the Coast Guard would file a strategy within 90 days to design and build a Great Lakes icebreaker like the Mackinaw, with costs and a delivery timeline once funded. A Bay‑class tug replacement plan would be due in one year. A five‑season pilot would test keeping tier‑one and tier‑two waterways open 95% of the time, with a report due 180 days after each season.
If enacted, a civilian Secretary of the Coast Guard would be appointed by the President with Senate approval. The Commandant would report to this Secretary, who could not eliminate, materially change, or privatize the service’s primary duties and must report yearly on that. The bill would also establish a Coast Guard Inspector General drawn from senior officers for up to a four‑year tour, and make the CGIS Director a statutory post reporting through the Vice Commandant.
If enacted, the Secretary would be allowed to work with foreign partners on cyber prevention and response for marine systems tied to U.S. shipping or illegal fishing. The Secretary would coordinate with the Secretary of State before support. Foreign partners could be required to reimburse costs.
If enacted, the Coast Guard would brief Congress within 180 days on acquiring and deploying heavy‑weather rescue boats in the Pacific Northwest. Within 180 days, it would start a study of the Corpus Christi air station hangar and report within one year on needed upgrades, rotary‑wing support, corrosion protection, and outside‑storage risks. Within 180 days, the Secretary would study more deployments and port visits for Operation Blue Pacific, including options like homeporting cutters in the Northern Mariana Islands and any coverage gaps from moving assets.
If enacted, GAO would report within 18 months on Coast Guard research and innovation over the past five years. The report would assess how projects are chosen and funded, results and transitions to production, use of special contracting authorities, and the Blue Tech Center’s role. It would include recommendations to speed prototypes into use.
The Coast Guard would pause removing certain buoys and dayboards until 180 days after a required report. It would put into action the 2021 plan to restructure San Pedro Bay anchorages within one year and study anchorages near pipelines. It would gain authority to require inspections, drills, and carrying the best economically feasible response gear. GAO would report on marine firefighting readiness within 270 days.
Within one year, the Coast Guard would set a policy, with DEA, State, and Defense, to deter and stop illicit drug trafficking at sea. When possible, the policy would require seizure or proper handling of unlawful drug vessels. It would focus on areas like the Eastern Pacific, Indo‑Pacific, Caribbean, and Middle East. The Coast Guard would brief Congress within one year and list any added tools or funding needed.
If enacted, the Secretary would set a policy within 90 days to report any allegation against a senior leader to the department Inspector General within 72 hours, with the IG getting first right to investigate. GAO would review Coast Guard actions on sexual assault and harassment within one year, and the Commandant would reply within 90 days with an implementation plan. The Commandant would review an independent commission’s recommendations, send an action plan within one year, and brief Congress every 180 days through 2028. Starting March 30, 2026, the Commandant would report yearly on UCMJ and court‑martial changes related to sex‑related offenses. A comprehensive misconduct prevention policy would be issued within 180 days and a follow‑on program within another 180 days.
Within 90 days, the Coast Guard would seek a National Academies study of commercial traffic in the Bering Strait and growth over 10 years. The study would assess vessel types, links to Russia or China, and oil spill and emergency response needs at Port of Point Spencer. A report would be due within one year of starting the study.
If enacted, the Commandant would submit an unclassified Pacific operations plan by December 31, 2025 and each year after, plus an annual budget display by February 15, 2026 and each year after. A shore infrastructure report to support homeporting new assets would be due within 180 days. An initial Arctic report would be due in 90 days, with yearly updates each July 1 until July 2, 2031 or project completion, and all reports posted online.
If enacted, the Ports and Waterways Safety pilot would run in FY2025–FY2029 and include cyber, organized crime, and foreign threat risks. Within one year, vessel traffic services would add audible and visual alarms for anchored ships that drift near underwater pipelines and set notification procedures, with follow‑up reports. A report on East Rockaway Inlet hazards would be due within 180 days, with maps and recommendations to improve navigation safety.
Within 60 days, the Academy would start reviewing its sexual harassment and sexual violence policy and finish within 180 days. The policy would add in‑person training, anti‑retaliation rules, and protective order steps, and hire a Primary Prevention Specialist within 180 days. The Coast Guard would also study Academy governance and report recommendations within one year.
If enacted, the Maritime Administration would lead environmental reviews for deepwater port applications. Certain Coast Guard authorities for deepwater port rules would shift to the Secretary of Transportation within 18 months, while the Coast Guard would keep safety roles. Vessels could transfer fuel to support offshore energy, including non‑mineral energy, and rules would have to be updated within 60 days or the Secretary could allow transfers.
If enacted, the Coast Guard would have to consider life‑cycle costs when designing and buying vessels and aircraft. Projects that only extend service life and fix obsolete parts would be exempt from some major acquisition rules. The Coast Guard would be treated like other Treasury law‑enforcement groups for certain enforcement funds, and its separate fund would end. The Coast Guard could also accept nonprofit services and lease National Coast Guard Museum property for operations.
If enacted, when covered misconduct leads to conviction, nonjudicial punishment, or punitive action, a note would go in the member’s personnel record (not the restricted section). Commanders would have to review a member’s documented history when assigning or transferring them. The Coast Guard would set rules for judging suitability for civilian jobs with the service.
If enacted, running a vessel in a grossly negligent way that endangers people or property would be a class A misdemeanor. If it causes serious bodily injury, it would be a class E felony. A civil penalty up to $35,000 could also be assessed.
If enacted, the Commandant would select a qualified O‑7 or above Chief Prosecutor. The Chief Prosecutor would decide whether reported offenses are covered, and would control charging, referrals to court‑martial, and plea deals, with limited exceptions for commanders.
Within one year, the Coast Guard would set a policy to preserve evidence and records for covered misconduct. Rape and sexual assault evidence and case files would be kept at least 50 years; other cases at least through the UCMJ limits. Work product and a signed case action summary would be kept at least seven years. The policy would define what to keep, where to store it, privacy protections, access rules, training, and uniform data collection.
If enacted, credential denials could be based on convictions under Federal, State, local, or Tribal law, and on certain UCMJ offenses. The bill would add a legal definition of harassment on vessels and require reporting of sexual harassment or assault that violates policy or law. Renewed active credentials that are not extensions would start the day after the old one ends, and exam reviews would be handled by a new Working Group with broader membership and 180 days for review. More types of government proceedings could use marine casualty investigation materials. One section of merchant mariner law (46 U.S.C. 7314) would be repealed.
If enacted, credential rules would include noncitizen nationals as defined by 8 U.S.C. 1408. From enactment through December 31, 2065, no more than 50% of unlicensed seamen on covered vessels could be the listed aliens. Vessel operators would need to count total unlicensed crew and how many fall in that group to stay within the 50% cap.
If enacted, the Secretary could use a performance‑based exam schedule for foreign vessels after an assessment shows safety stays at least as strong as annual exams. Ships with a detention, a proved violation, or a qualifying casualty in the past 36 months would not qualify. The Coast Guard would brief Congress within six months and then yearly for two years on how the schedule is used and on inspector staffing. The Secretary could also run no‑notice cyber‑incident exercises for facilities and vessels with required security plans.
If enacted, a Coast Guard member assigned to Unalaska, Alaska could request command sponsorship for dependents. The Commandant would have to grant it.
This bill would add a clear Coast Guard definition of “covered misconduct,” listing offenses like rape, sexual assault, child exploitation, stalking, and domestic violence. The definition would apply across title 14.
Within 120 days, the Coast Guard would set a policy to review proposed involuntary separations for members who reported covered misconduct and claim retaliation. A flag officer would have to concur before separation. Officials tied to the complaint would have to recuse.
Within 180 days, the Coast Guard would require written reasons for any denied military protective order and send them to the next flag officer. Approving officials with conflicts would have to recuse. Victims would be told how to request expedited transfers, no‑contact orders, and protective orders.
Within 180 days, the Coast Guard would hire at least five more behavioral health specialists. At least 35% would have military sexual trauma and PTSD expertise. Services could use telemedicine and would be widely available to members.
If enacted, the Coast Guard Academy Board of Visitors would be reset with new membership, at least annual visits, and public reports due within 60 days after each meeting. Cadets would be able to request a room change if their assignment causes discomfort, under academy policy.
If enacted, some non‑barge vessels in Western Alaska or Prince William Sound helping with oil‑spill response would be exempt from inspection. A vessel would need an approved response agreement or Secretary approval and at least one crew member with hazardous‑response training. It could tow only small devices under 250 barrels capacity, carry temporary oil‑recovery containers and response gear, and carry up to six paying support passengers.
If enacted, before finalizing the rule in docket USCG‑2022‑0222, the Coast Guard would do an independent boat‑traffic study at mile 7.4 of the St. Lucie River. The final rule could not be adopted until the study is finished.
If enacted, the 5% cap on administrative costs for Marine Debris Act grants would be removed. Exxon Valdez restoration trustees could prioritize grants for habitat protection and restoration and use clarified terms and accounts. The Puget Sound Cetacean Desk pilot would run 6 years instead of 4.
If enacted, the Coast Guard would add a Special Advisor for Tribal and Native Hawaiian Affairs at GS‑15 or higher. The advisor would guide policy and support consultation. The Commandant would brief Congress within 120 days on how the role fits into governance.
Within one year, the National Response Center would plan a web app to receive oil spill and hazardous release reports. Within two years after the plan, the app would accept online notifications. Other reporting methods would still be allowed.
If enacted, the Secretary could allow both federal and Connecticut law to apply on Coast Guard Academy lands in New London. This would let the state and city investigate and prosecute crimes under Connecticut law on Academy property.
If enacted, the Coast Guard and Commerce would study how allies manage ports and ships in fog and low visibility. They would look at radar, remote sensing, tracking, and drones. The goal is safer operations using proven methods.
Within one year, the Coast Guard would make a tsunami plan for each property in a tsunami zone. Plans would set evacuation routes, cover aircraft and vessels, and require annual drills and training. The Coast Guard would brief Congress on status within 14 months.
If enacted, certain nonprofit foundations that support the Academy could use its facilities or equipment, with legal and safety safeguards. Uses would follow ethics rules and attorney review. The Secretary would issue policies, and Congress would be briefed in years the authority is used.
The Coast Guard would offer at least one course a year on how Congress works. Members picked for congressional roles would need in‑person training. At least 60% of instructors would be outside the executive branch.
If enacted, owners and operators would face a civil penalty up to $500 for abandoning a covered non‑barge vessel, such as leaving it unattended more than 45 days. They would also be liable in rem for costs tied to the vessel, with exceptions for major extenuating circumstances. The Coast Guard would try to notify owners and would post a national inventory of abandoned covered vessels within one year.
If enacted, passenger vessels would need supplies to help prevent sexually transmitted diseases, scaled to trip length and people on board. Vessels would also need electronic logs that record the date, time, and identity of each crew member who enters a passenger stateroom. Procedures would have to be in place, reviewed yearly, and updated as needed.
If enacted, the Straits of Mackinac would be designated pilotage waters, including key nearby passages and approaches. Vessels working there would face pilotage requirements, which could raise operating costs for local maritime businesses.
The Coast Guard would join DoD’s CATCH program, with an agreement in 60 days. Within 180 days, it would make its case system interface with the Defense Sexual Assault Incident Database. Within 60 days after that agreement, it would send Congress a plan to ensure authorized staff can access the system, fix barriers, and lay out costs and timelines.
The Secretary could designate some officers as experts in military justice or healthcare. They would follow a different promotion path and could not be promoted above captain.
If enacted, the suspension of enforcement for using AIS to mark fishing gear would continue until December 31, 2029. Commercial fishing crews would get required health and safety training that covers substance use disorder and fatigue, designed with the Coast Guard.
If enacted, the bill would clearly ban controlled‑substance activities on covered vessels and block lawsuits against on‑scene coordinator decisions until a cleanup is complete. Representatives of countries listed as state sponsors of terrorism would be barred from visiting facilities that require a security plan. The Coast Guard would post counts of drug and migrant interdictions, including amounts, types, and areas, without releasing protected information. Delegating ship‑classification authority to groups based in the People’s Republic of China would be barred. One deadline in a prior defense law would move from 2025 to 2029.
If enacted, only the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation could receive certain Seaway‑related delegations. New anchorage grounds on the Hudson River between Palisades and Germantown would be suspended. The Port of New York boundaries that existed before 2023 would stay in place for 20 years.
Graves, Sam [R-MO-6]
MO • R
Rep. Larsen, Rick [D-WA-2]
WA • D
Sponsored 7/2/2025
Rep. Ezell, Mike [R-MS-4]
MS • R
Sponsored 7/2/2025
Rep. Carbajal, Salud O. [D-CA-24]
CA • D
Sponsored 7/2/2025
Rep. Webster, Daniel [R-FL-11]
FL • R
Sponsored 7/14/2025
All Roll Calls
Yes: 399 • No: 12
house vote • 7/23/2025
On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as Amended
Yes: 399 • No: 12
119-hr8870, BUILD America 250 Act
Major federal investment in highways, transit, and rail. This bill would authorize multiyear funding, speed environmental reviews, and create new grant and pilot programs to repair bridges, expand transit, and modernize rail and freight financing. - Families and commuters would see more repaired bridges and safer roads through a $9.2 billion annual bridge grant program and boosted highway safety initiatives that fund enforcement and safety research. - States, Tribes, and local governments would gain new flexibility and pilots for funding. Up to 10 States could receive lump‑sum consolidated apportionments, and the Tribal Transportation Program is authorized at about $643 million in FY2027. - Transit, rail, and freight operators would get large capital and financing boosts. The Mass Transit Account is funded at about $16.9 billion in FY2027, Amtrak’s National Network gets about $3.9 billion in FY2027, and the bill adds $3.0 billion a year for Capital Investment Grants plus expanded TIFIA and RRIF options. This package would also add truck‑parking and wildlife crossing pilots, an EV/PHEV registration fee framework, and many rulemaking and safety data reforms.
119-hr4669, FEMA Act of 2025
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119-hr9497, Water Resources Development Act of 2026
Reorganizes the Army Corps’ civil works by creating new program offices to manage inland navigation, water supply, and community outreach. It would speed project studies and permitting, push beneficial use of dredged material, and authorize many local water, dredging, and restoration projects. - Families and local governments would see project funding and authorizations targeted to water and wastewater needs. The bill lists dozens of locality grants, including Sacramento River Basin at $155.0 million and Encinitas at $44.3 million. - Non‑Federal partners, Tribes, and rural communities would get more technical help and priority access through a new Office on Technical Assistance and Community Outreach. The drought resiliency program is authorized at $35.0 million per year and includes a $10.0 million Federal expenditure cap for certain activities and a typical 35% non‑Federal construction share. - Ports, shippers, and project sponsors would get faster delivery and clearer rules through a new Office of Inland Navigation Construction Management, a required electronic permit submission and tracking system within 1 year, and new dredging and beneficial‑use goals with revised Harbor Maintenance reporting.
119-hr3151, SHIPS for America Act of 2025
Rebuild U.S. commercial shipbuilding and a U.S.-flag strategic fleet by pairing new tax credits, grants, and operating payments with stronger cargo-preference rules and workforce and innovation programs to restore domestic capacity and sealift readiness. It centralizes maritime strategy in a White House advisor and a Maritime Security Board and funds a broad set of industrial, port, and training programs to favor U.S.-built, U.S.-crewed vessels.
119-hr842, Nancy Gardner Sewell Medicare Multi-Cancer Early Detection Screening Coverage Act
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119-hr1422, Enhanced Iran Sanctions Act of 2025
Expands U.S. sanctions on Iran's oil and petrochemical sectors to cut off funding for weapons, missiles, drones, and terrorism. The Enhanced Iran Sanctions Act of 2025 broadens who can be sanctioned and adds immigration and enforcement tools to target evasion and facilitation.
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