§2331 — Title 18 Crimes and Criminal Procedure | U.S. Code

Summary

Defines key words used in this chapter. "International terrorism" means violent or life‑threatening crimes that break U.S. or state laws, are meant to scare or pressure civilians or governments (including by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping), and happen mostly outside the United States or cross national borders. "Domestic terrorism" means similar violent crimes but that take place primarily inside the United States. "National of the United States" has the meaning given in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. "Person" means an individual or organization that can legally own or benefit from property. "Act of war" means acts during declared war, any armed conflict between nations, or any armed fight involving military forces. "Military force" does not include anyone labeled a foreign terrorist organization under section 219 (8 U.S.C. 1189), anyone listed as a specially designated global terrorist under 31 C.F.R. 594.310 by the Secretary of State or Treasury, or anyone a court has found not to be a military force.

Title 18, §2331

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As used in this chapter—

(1)the term “international terrorism” means activities that—

(A)involve violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or of any State;

(B)appear to be intended—

(i)to intimidate or coerce a civilian population;

(ii)to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or

(iii)to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and

(C)occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum;

(2)the term “national of the United States” has the meaning given such term in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act;

(3)the term “person” means any individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property;

(4)the term “act of war” means any act occurring in the course of—

(A)declared war;

(B)armed conflict, whether or not war has been declared, between two or more nations; or

(C)armed conflict between military forces of any origin;

(5)the term “domestic terrorism” means activities that—

(A)involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State;

(B)appear to be intended—

(i)to intimidate or coerce a civilian population;

(ii)to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or

(iii)to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and

(C)occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States; and

(6)the term “military force” does not include any person that—

(A)has been designated as a—

(i)foreign terrorist organization by the Secretary of State under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189); or

(ii)specially designated global terrorist (as such term is defined in section 594.310 of title 31, Code of Federal Regulations) by the Secretary of State or the Secretary of the Treasury; or

(B)has been determined by the court to not be a “military force”.

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

References in Text

section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in par. (2), is classified to section 1101(a)(22) of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 2331 was renumbered 2332 of this title.

Amendments

2018—Par. (6). Pub. L. 115–253 added par. (6). 2001—Par. (1)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 107–56, § 802(a)(1), substituted “by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping” for “by assassination or kidnapping”. Par. (5). Pub. L. 107–56, § 802(a)(2)–(4), added par. (5).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

of 2018 Amendment Pub. L. 115–253, § 2(b), Oct. 3, 2018, 132 Stat. 3183, provided that: “The

Amendments

made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to any civil action pending on or commenced after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 3, 2018].”

Effective Date

Pub. L. 102–572, title X, § 1003(c), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4524, provided that: “This section [enacting this section and sections 2333 to 2338 of this title, amending former section 2331 of this title, and renumbering former section 2331 of this title as 2332] and the

Amendments

made by this section shall apply to any pending case or any cause of action arising on or after 4 years before the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 29, 1992].”

Short Title

of 2004 Amendment Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, § 6601, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3761, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle G (§§ 6601–6604) of title VI of Pub. L. 108–458, enacting section 2339D of this title, amending section 2332b and 2339A to 2339C of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2332b of this title] may be cited as the ‘Material Support to Terrorism Prohibition Enhancement Act of 2004’.”

Short Title

of 2002 Amendment Pub. L. 107–197, title I, § 101,

June 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 721, provided that: “This title [enacting section 2332f of this title and provisions set out as notes under section 2332f of this title] may be cited as the ‘Terrorist Bombings Convention Implementation Act of 2002’.” Pub. L. 107–197, title II, § 201,

June 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 724, provided that: “This title [enacting section 2339C of this title and provisions set out as notes under section 2339C of this title] may be cited as the ‘Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism Convention Implementation Act of 2002’.”

§2331 Definitions

Summary

Title 18, §2331

Notes & Related Subsidiaries

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Prior Provisions

Amendments

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Amendments

Effective Date

Amendments

Short Title

Short Title

Citations & Metadata