Country exposure · GE
Georgia
Middle East · Tbilisi · semi-presidential republic
What Georgia means for your money — the prices you pay, the tariffs in motion, and where U.S. policy could change both.
$102M
U.S. imports, 2025
-38.3%
change in one year
$2.1B
U.S. exports, 2025
5M
Population
$33.8B
GDP
In your house
What you buy that Georgia makes
America bought $102M in goods from Georgia in 2025 — down 38.3% in a single year. Of every $100 of it, here's where the money went.
Steelmaking materials
$37M36.2%
Apparel, textiles, nonwool or cotton
synthetic and performance apparel
$11M10.8%
Drilling & oilfield equipment
$11M10.3%
Fruits, frozen juices
fruit and frozen juices
$5M5.3%
Plywood and veneers
$5M5.2%
Wine, beer, and related products
wine and beer
$5M5.2%
Other foods
$4M4.1%
Other parts and accessories of vehicles
car parts and accessories
$3M3.1%
U.s. goods returned, and reimports
$3M2.6%
Nuclear fuel materials
$2M2.1%
2026 so far (through April): $57M in imports. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade in Goods (customs basis).
The other direction
What America sells to Georgia
$2.1B in 2025 — a trade rupture cuts both ways, for American producers as well as American prices.
Passenger cars, new and used
$1.6Bnew and used cars
Other parts and accessories of vehicles
$106Mcar parts and accessories
Civilian aircraft, engines, equipment, and parts
$90MMeat, poultry, etc.
$55MNuts
$43MTrucks, buses, and special purpose vehicles
$38Mtrucks, buses, SUVs
Telecommunications equipment
$23Mphones, routers, networking gear
Toys, games, and sporting goods
$20Mtoys, games, sporting goods
Cell phones and other household goods, n.e.c.
$17Mcell phones and home electronics
Where you stand
U.S. tariff posture toward Georgia
No U.S. tariff action singles this country out. Its goods face the universal 10% temporary import surcharge under Section 122 of the Trade Act (which replaced the IEEPA reciprocal baseline in February 2026) plus the sectoral Section 232 duties — steel and aluminum at 50% — that apply to all countries. The Section 122 surcharge is statutorily temporary — scheduled to lapse on or about July 23, 2026 (a 150-day cap) unless extended or replaced.
Reciprocal tariff (universal baseline)
10%
The universal 10% floor — a Section 122 import surcharge since February 2026, previously the EO 14257 reciprocal baseline — applies to nearly all U.S. imports. This country has no higher assigned rate of its own.
Policy in motion
Tariff status: a moving target
No U.S. tariff action names Georgia. These are the universal measures — applied to every country without a country-specific arrangement — that set its treatment.
2026-04-06
Section 232 metals coverage expanded
In effectThe April 2026 proclamation strengthening Section 232 actions on aluminum, steel, and copper expanded derivative-product coverage for all countries, keeping the general metals rate at 50%.
91 FR 18201 →2026-02-24
IEEPA reciprocal tariffs terminated — replaced by 10% Section 122 surcharge
In effectExecutive Order 14389 (Ending Certain Tariff Actions) terminated the IEEPA tariff duties — including the EO 14257 reciprocal baseline — effective February 24, 2026. A flat 10% Section 122 temporary import surcharge (Proclamation 11012 of February 20, 2026) replaced them, leaving the universal rate unchanged at 10% on a different statutory basis. Section 122 caps such surcharges at 150 days, so this 10% surcharge is scheduled to lapse on or about July 23, 2026 absent further action (the administration has signaled it could raise the rate toward the 15% statutory maximum).
91 FR 9437 →2025-11-13
Agricultural products exempted from reciprocal tariffs
In effectExecutive Order 14360 of November 14, 2025 removed reciprocal duties from certain agricultural products listed in its annexes (coffee, cocoa, bananas, and other goods the U.S. does not produce in sufficient quantity), retroactive to November 13, 2025 — for all countries subject to the reciprocal tariff.
90 FR 54091 →2025-06-04
Section 232 steel and aluminum duties doubled to 50%
In effectThe June 3, 2025 proclamation raised Section 232 duties on steel and aluminum articles and derivatives from 25% to 50% for all countries, effective June 4, 2025.
90 FR 24199 →2025-04-05
Universal 10% reciprocal baseline takes effect
In effectExecutive Order 14257 (signed April 2, 2025) imposed a 10% ad valorem reciprocal duty on imports from all trading partners, effective April 5, 2025. Countries without a higher Annex I rate remain at this baseline.
Federal Register · 2025-06063 →2025-03-12
Section 232 steel and aluminum duties set at 25% for all countries
In effectProclamations of February 10, 2025 terminated all country exemptions and quota arrangements and applied 25% Section 232 duties to steel and aluminum imports from every country, effective March 12, 2025.
90 FR 9817 →
Made for America
What Georgia makes for America
Georgia is a direct U.S. source of 5 essential goods Americans rely on — the items themselves, shipped finished off the line.
Go deeper
The supply chain view
Georgia sits upstream of 1 essential American goods through 1 tracked inputs.
Full supply-map profile →Reference
The country itself
Middle East · Geography, people, economy, and government — public-domain data from the CIA World Factbook.
The region of present-day Georgia once contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis (known as Egrisi locally) and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D., and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Persian, Arab, and Turk domination was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short when the Mongols invaded in 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1921 and regained its independence when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. In 2003, mounting public discontent over rampant corruption, ineffective government services, and a government attempt to manipulate parliamentary elections touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, who had been president since 1995. In the aftermath of this "Rose Revolution," new elections in 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI and his United National Movement (UNM) party into power. SAAKASHVILI made progress on market reforms and governance, but he faced accusations of abuse of office. Progress was further complicated when Russian support for the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia led to a five-day conflict between Russia and Georgia in August 2008, which included Russia invading large portions of Georgian territory. Russia initially pledged to pull back from most Georgian territory but then unilaterally recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and Russian military forces have remained in those regions. Billionaire Bidzina IVANISHVILI's unexpected entry into politics in 2011 brought the divided opposition together under his Georgian Dream coalition, which won a majority of seats in the 2012 parliamentary elections and removed UNM from power. Conceding defeat, SAAKASHVILI named IVANISHVILI as prime minister and left the country after his presidential term ended in 2013. IVANISHVILI voluntarily resigned from office after the presidential succession, and in the years since, the prime minister position has seen frequent turnover. In 2021, SAAKASHVILI returned to Georgia, where he was immediately arrested to serve six years in prison on outstanding abuse-of-office convictions. Popular support for integration with the West is high in Georgia. Joining the EU and NATO are among the country's top foreign policy goals, and Georgia applied for EU membership in 2022, becoming a candidate country in December 2023. Georgia and the EU have a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, and since 2017, Georgian citizens have been able to travel to the Schengen area without a visa.
Geography
- Location
- Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia, with a sliver of land north of the Caucasus extending into Europe; note - Georgia views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both
- Area
- 69,700 sq km
- Climate
- warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
- Terrain
- largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland) opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; fertile soils in river valley flood plains and foothills of Kolkhida Lowland
- Natural resources
- timber, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth
- Coastline
- 310 km
- Natural hazards
- earthquakes
People & society
- Population
- 4,900,961 (2024 est.)
- Nationality
- Georgian(s)
- Ethnic groups
- Georgian 86.8%, Azeri 6.3%, Armenian 4.5%, other 2.3% (includes Russian, Ossetian, Yazidi, Ukrainian, Kist, Greek) (2014 est.)
- Languages
- Georgian (official) 87.6%, Azeri 6.2%, Armenian 3.9%, Russian 1.2%, other 1% (including Abkhaz, the official language in Abkhazia) (2014 est.)
- Religions
- Eastern Orthodox Christian (official) 83.4%, Muslim 10.7%, Armenian Apostolic Christian 2.9%, other 1.2% (includes Roman Catholic Christian, Jehovah's Witness, Yazidi, Protestant Christian, Jewish), none 0.5%, unspecified/no answer 1.2% (2014 est.)
- Median age
- 38.6 years (2025 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth
- 72.8 years (2024 est.)
- Literacy
- 99.7% (2024 est.)
Economy
- Economic overview
- upper-middle income, fast-growing South Caucasus economy; regionally focused exporter of cars, metal ores, and energy; financial and migrant inflows resulting from Ukraine conflict; EU accession talks suspended over disputed election and foreign influence law; low inflation but persistent high unemployment
- Industries
- steel, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese, copper, gold), chemicals, wood products, wine
- Agricultural products
- milk, grapes, potatoes, maize, wheat, tangerines/mandarins, tomatoes, barley, apples, eggs (2023)
- Exports - partners
- Azerbaijan 13%, Turkey 11%, Armenia 11%, Russia 10%, Kyrgyzstan 8% (2023)
- Imports - partners
- Turkey 16%, USA 13%, Russia 11%, China 8%, Germany 6% (2023)
Government
- Government type
- semi-presidential republic
- Capital
- Tbilisi
- Independence
- 9 April 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier date: A.D. 1008 (Georgia unified under King BAGRAT III)
- Constitution
- previous 1921, 1978 (based on 1977 Soviet Union constitution); latest approved 24 August 1995, effective 17 October 1995
- Executive branch
- President Mikheil KAVELASHVILI (since 29 December 2024)
- Legislative branch
- Parliament (Sakartvelos Parlamenti)
Full reference data
Every field, by section — CIA World Factbook. Open a topic to expand it.
Introduction
Background
The region of present-day Georgia once contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis (known as Egrisi locally) and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D., and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Persian, Arab, and Turk domination was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short when the Mongols invaded in 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1921 and regained its independence when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. In 2003, mounting public discontent over rampant corruption, ineffective government services, and a government attempt to manipulate parliamentary elections touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, who had been president since 1995. In the aftermath of this "Rose Revolution," new elections in 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI and his United National Movement (UNM) party into power. SAAKASHVILI made progress on market reforms and governance, but he faced accusations of abuse of office. Progress was further complicated when Russian support for the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia led to a five-day conflict between Russia and Georgia in August 2008, which included Russia invading large portions of Georgian territory. Russia initially pledged to pull back from most Georgian territory but then unilaterally recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and Russian military forces have remained in those regions. Billionaire Bidzina IVANISHVILI's unexpected entry into politics in 2011 brought the divided opposition together under his Georgian Dream coalition, which won a majority of seats in the 2012 parliamentary elections and removed UNM from power. Conceding defeat, SAAKASHVILI named IVANISHVILI as prime minister and left the country after his presidential term ended in 2013. IVANISHVILI voluntarily resigned from office after the presidential succession, and in the years since, the prime minister position has seen frequent turnover. In 2021, SAAKASHVILI returned to Georgia, where he was immediately arrested to serve six years in prison on outstanding abuse-of-office convictions. Popular support for integration with the West is high in Georgia. Joining the EU and NATO are among the country's top foreign policy goals, and Georgia applied for EU membership in 2022, becoming a candidate country in December 2023. Georgia and the EU have a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, and since 2017, Georgian citizens have been able to travel to the Schengen area without a visa.
Travel Facts
US State Dept Travel Advisory
The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens exercise normal precautions in Georgia. Some areas have increased risk. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws, and special circumstances in this country. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements
US citizens should make sure their passport will not expire for at least 6 months after they enter the country even if they do not intend to stay that long. They should also make sure they have at least 2 blank pages in their passport for any entry stamp that will be required. A visa is not required as long as you do not stay in the country more than a year.
US Embassy/Consulate
[995] (32) 227-70-00; US Embassy Tbilisi, 11 Georgian-American Friendship Avenue, Didi Dighomi, Tbilisi, 0131; https://ge.usembassy.gov/; askconsultbilisi@state.gov
Telephone Code
995
Local Emergency Phone
22
Vaccinations
See WHO recommendations http://www.who.int/
Climate
Warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on the Black Sea coast
Currency (Code)
Laris (GEL)
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s)
220 V / 50 Hz / plug types(s): C, F
Major Languages
Georgian, Azeri, Armenian, Russian
Major Religions
Orthodox 83.4%, Muslim 10.7%, Armenian Apostolic 2.9%
Time Difference
UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Potable Water
Opt for bottled water
International Driving Permit
Suggested
Road Driving Side
Right
Tourist Destinations
Kakheti; Kutaisi; Lake Ritsa; Ananuri Castle; Tbilisi; Monastery of the Cross
Major Sports
Soccer, wrestling, rugby, weightlifting, basketball
Cultural Practices
Even numbers of flowers are used in funerals, while odd numbers are used as gifts.
Tipping Guidelines
Check to see if a 10% service charge has been applied to your bill. If not, leave a gratuity of around 10-15% of the bill. If you are staying at a higher-end hotel, tip the bellhop around 1-2 laris per bag and leave the maid at least 5 laris per day.
Souvenirs
Cloisonne jewelry and decorative items, silk clothing and accessories, woven carpets, felt items, religious icons, nesting dolls, wine and brandy
Traditional Cuisine
Khachapuri, Sulguni — cheese-filled, leavened, and baked bread topped with a cracked soft-boiled egg and butter just before serving
CIA source last updated
Wednesday, July 20, 2022
Travel resources
Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.
World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.
US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.
To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs: American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)
How to get help in an emergency? Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers: from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444
Page last updated: Wednesday, July 20, 2022
Geography
Location
Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia, with a sliver of land north of the Caucasus extending into Europe; note - Georgia views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both
Geographic coordinates
42 00 N, 43 30 E
Map references
Asia
Area - total
69,700 sq km
Area - land
69,700 sq km
Area - water
0 sq km
Area - note
note: approximately 12,560 sq km, or about 18% of Georgia's area, is Russian-occupied; the seized area includes all of Abkhazia and the breakaway region of South Ossetia, which consists of the northern part of Shida Kartli, eastern slivers of the Imereti region, Racha-Lechkhumi, Kvemo Svaneti, and part of western Mtskheta-Mtianeti
Area - comparative
slightly smaller than South Carolina; slightly larger than West Virginia
Land boundaries - total
1,814 km
Land boundaries - border countries
Armenia 219 km; Azerbaijan 428 km; Russia 894 km; Turkey 273 km
Coastline
310 km
Maritime claims - territorial sea
12 nm
Maritime claims - exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Climate
warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
Terrain
largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland) opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; fertile soils in river valley flood plains and foothills of Kolkhida Lowland
Elevation - highest point
Mt'a Shkhara 5,193 m
Elevation - lowest point
Black Sea 0 m
Elevation - mean elevation
1,432 m
Natural resources
timber, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth
Land use - agricultural land
34.1% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 4.4% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 27.9% (2023 est.)
Land use - forest
44.6% (2023 est.)
Land use - other
21.2% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
4,330 sq km (2012)
Population distribution
settlement concentrated in the central valley, particularly in the capital city of Tbilisi in the east; smaller urban agglomerations dot the Black Sea coast, with Bat'umi being the largest
Natural hazards
earthquakes
Geography - note
note 1: strategically located east of the Black Sea, Georgia controls much of the Caucasus Mountains and the routes through them note 2: the world's four deepest caves are all in Georgia, including two that are the only known caves on earth deeper than 2,000 m: Krubera Cave at -2,197 m (-7,208 ft; reached in 2012) and Veryovkina Cave at -2,212 (-7,257 ft; reached in 2018)
People and Society
Population - total
4,900,961 (2024 est.)
Population - male
2,343,068
Population - female
2,557,893
Nationality - noun
Georgian(s)
Nationality - adjective
Georgian
Ethnic groups
Georgian 86.8%, Azeri 6.3%, Armenian 4.5%, other 2.3% (includes Russian, Ossetian, Yazidi, Ukrainian, Kist, Greek) (2014 est.)
Languages - Languages
Georgian (official) 87.6%, Azeri 6.2%, Armenian 3.9%, Russian 1.2%, other 1% (including Abkhaz, the official language in Abkhazia) (2014 est.)
Languages - major-language sample(s)
მსოფლიო ფაქტების წიგნი, ძირითადი ინფორმაციის აუცილებელი წყარო. (Georgian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Eastern Orthodox Christian (official) 83.4%, Muslim 10.7%, Armenian Apostolic Christian 2.9%, other 1.2% (includes Roman Catholic Christian, Jehovah's Witness, Yazidi, Protestant Christian, Jewish), none 0.5%, unspecified/no answer 1.2% (2014 est.)
Age structure - 0-14 years
20.6% (male 520,091/female 489,882)
Age structure - 15-64 years
62.7% (male 1,500,036/female 1,572,637)
Age structure - 65 years and over
16.7% (2024 est.) (male 322,941/female 495,374)
Dependency ratios - total dependency ratio
59.5 (2024 est.)
Dependency ratios - youth dependency ratio
32.9 (2024 est.)
Dependency ratios - elderly dependency ratio
26.6 (2024 est.)
Dependency ratios - potential support ratio
3.8 (2024 est.)
Median age - total
38.6 years (2025 est.)
Median age - male
35.9 years
Median age - female
40.6 years
Population growth rate
-0.45% (2025 est.)
Birth rate
11.74 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
12.89 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate
-3.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution
settlement concentrated in the central valley, particularly in the capital city of Tbilisi in the east; smaller urban agglomerations dot the Black Sea coast, with Bat'umi being the largest
Urbanization - urban population
60.7% of total population (2023)
Urbanization - rate of urbanization
0.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Urbanization - note
note: data include Abkhazia and South Ossetia
Major urban areas - population
1.082 million TBILISI (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio - at birth
1.07 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 15-64 years
0.95 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 65 years and over
0.65 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - total population
0.92 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
25.9 years (2019 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth - note
note: data does not cover Abkhazia and South Ossetia
Maternal mortality ratio
20 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate - total
20.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Infant mortality rate - male
23.6 deaths/1,000 live births
Infant mortality rate - female
19.7 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population
72.8 years (2024 est.)
Life expectancy at birth - male
68.7 years
Life expectancy at birth - female
77.2 years
Total fertility rate
1.94 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.94 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: urban
urban: 99.2% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: rural
rural: 88.5% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: total
total: 95% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: urban
urban: 0.8% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: rural
rural: 11.5% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: total
total: 5% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
7.4% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
10.5% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
5.64 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Hospital bed density
4.9 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: urban
urban: 96.6% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: rural
rural: 72.5% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: total
total: 87.1% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: urban
urban: 3.4% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: rural
rural: 27.5% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: total
total: 12.9% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
21.7% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita - total
7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - beer
1.71 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - wine
3.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - spirits
2.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - other alcohols
0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use - total
28.7% (2025 est.)
Tobacco use - male
53.9% (2025 est.)
Tobacco use - female
7.5% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
2.1% (2018 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
65.3% (2018 est.)
Child marriage - women married by age 15
0.3% (2018)
Child marriage - women married by age 18
13.9% (2018)
Child marriage - men married by age 18
0.5% (2018)
Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% GDP)
4% of GDP (2024 est.)
Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% national budget)
12.2% national budget (2024 est.)
Literacy - total population
99.7% (2024 est.)
Literacy - male
99.8% (2024 est.)
Literacy - female
99.6% (2024 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - total
16 years (2023 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - male
16 years (2023 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - female
17 years (2023 est.)
Government
Country name - conventional long form
none
Country name - conventional short form
Georgia
Country name - local long form
Republic of Georgia
Country name - local short form
Sak'art'velo
Country name - former
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
Country name - etymology
the Western name probably derives from the name of the local people, the Gurz, whose name origin is uncertain; the native name "Sak'art'velo" means "Land of the Kartvelians" and refers to the core central Georgian region of Kartli
Government type
semi-presidential republic
Capital - name
Tbilisi
Capital - geographic coordinates
41 41 N, 44 50 E
Capital - time difference
UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Capital - etymology
the name comes from the Georgian word tbili , meaning "warm" and referring to the hot sulfur springs in the area
Administrative divisions
9 regions ( mkharebi , singular - mkhare ), 1 city ( kalaki ), and 2 autonomous republics ( avtomnoy respubliki , singular - avtom respublika ) regions: Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Shida Kartli; note - the breakaway region of South Ossetia consists of the northern part of Shida Kartli, eastern slivers of the Imereti region and Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, and part of western Mtskheta-Mtianeti city: Tbilisi autonomous republics: Abkhazia or Ap'khazet'is Avtonomiuri Respublika (Sokhumi), Ajaria or Acharis Avtonomiuri Respublika (Bat'umi)
Administrative divisions - note
note 1: the administrative centers of the two autonomous republics are shown in parentheses note 2: the United States recognizes the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as part of Georgia
Legal system
civil law system
Constitution - history
previous 1921, 1978 (based on 1977 Soviet Union constitution); latest approved 24 August 1995, effective 17 October 1995
Constitution - amendment process
proposed as a draft law supported by more than one half of the Parliament membership or by petition of at least 200,000 voters; passage requires support by at least three fourths of the Parliament membership in two successive sessions three months apart and the signature and promulgation by the president of Georgia
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship - citizenship by birth
no
Citizenship - citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Georgia
Citizenship - dual citizenship recognized
no
Citizenship - residency requirement for naturalization
10 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch - chief of state
President Mikheil KAVELASHVILI (since 29 December 2024)
Executive branch - head of government
Prime Minister Irakli KOBAKHIDZE (since 8 February 2024)
Executive branch - cabinet
Cabinet of Ministers
Executive branch - election/appointment process
president elected by a 300-member College of Electors; prime minister nominated by Parliament, appointed by the president
Executive branch - most recent election date
14 December 2024
Executive branch - election results
2024: Mikheil KAVELASHVILI (Georgian Dream Party) was formally inaugurated on 29 December 2024 2024: Irakli KOBAKHIDZE approved as prime minister by Parliamentary vote 84-10 2018: Salome ZOURABICHVILI elected president in second round; percent of vote in second round - Salome ZOURABICHVILI (independent, backed by Georgian Dream) 59.5%, Grigol VASHADZE (UNM) 40.5%; Irakli GARIBASHVILI approved as prime minister by Parliamentary vote 89-2
Executive branch - expected date of next election
2029
Legislative branch - legislature name
Parliament (Sakartvelos Parlamenti)
Legislative branch - legislative structure
unicameral
Legislative branch - number of seats
150 (all directly elected)
Legislative branch - electoral system
proportional representation
Legislative branch - scope of elections
full renewal
Legislative branch - term in office
4 years
Legislative branch - most recent election date
10/26/2024
Legislative branch - parties elected and seats per party
Georgian Dream (89); Coalition for Changes (19); Unity - National Movement (16); Strong Georgia – Lelo, For people, For Liberty! (14); For Georgia (12)
Legislative branch - percentage of women in chamber
16.8%
Legislative branch - expected date of next election
October 2028
Judicial branch - highest court(s)
Supreme Court (consists of 28 judges organized into several specialized judicial chambers; number of judges determined by the president of Georgia); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)
Judicial branch - judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court judges nominated by the High Council of Justice (a 14-member body consisting of the Supreme Court chairperson, common court judges, and appointees of the president of Georgia) and appointed by Parliament; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed 3 each by the president, by Parliament, and by the Supreme Court judges; judges appointed for 10-year terms
Judicial branch - subordinate courts
Courts of Appeal; regional (town) and district courts
Judicial branch - note
note: the Abkhazian and Ajarian Autonomous republics each have a supreme court and a hierarchy of lower courts
Political parties
Ahali Citizens Conservative Party Droa European Georgia - Movement for Liberty For Georgia For the People Freedom Square Georgian Dream Girchi - More Freedom Law and Justice Lelo for Georgia National Democratic Party People's Power Progress and Freedom Republican Party State for the People Strategy Aghmashenebeli United National Movement or UNM
Diplomatic representation in the US - chief of mission
Ambassador Tamar TALIASHVILI (since 24 July 2025)
Diplomatic representation in the US - chancery
1824 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
Diplomatic representation in the US - telephone
[1] (202) 387-2390
Diplomatic representation in the US - FAX
[1] (202) 387-0864
Diplomatic representation in the US - email address and website
Diplomatic representation in the US - consulate(s) general
New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US - chief of mission
Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Alan S. PURCELL (since 16 July 2025)
Diplomatic representation from the US - embassy
29 Georgian-American Friendship Avenue, Didi Dighomi, Tbilisi, 0131
Diplomatic representation from the US - mailing address
7060 Tbilisi Place, Washington, DC 20521-7060
Diplomatic representation from the US - telephone
[995] (32) 227-70-00
Diplomatic representation from the US - FAX
[995] (32) 253-23-10
Diplomatic representation from the US - email address and website
International organization participation
ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CPLP (associate), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-11, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Independence
9 April 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier date: A.D. 1008 (Georgia unified under King BAGRAT III)
National holiday
Independence Day, 26 May (1918)
National holiday - note
note: 26 May 1918 was the date of independence from Soviet Russia; 9 April 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union
Flag
description: white rectangle with a central red cross extending to all four sides of the flag; each of the four quadrants displays a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross (also known as Bolnisi cross), which has equal-length arms that are slightly wider at the end than in the center history: sometimes referred to as the Five-Cross Flag, the design is based on a 14th-century banner of the Kingdom of Georgia
National symbol(s)
Saint George, lion
National color(s)
red, white
National anthem(s) - title
"Tavisupleba" (Liberty)
National anthem(s) - lyrics/music
Davit MAGRADSE/Zakaria PALIASHVILI (adapted by Joseb KETSCHAKMADSE)
National anthem(s) - history
adopted 2004, after the Rose Revolution; based on music from the operas "Abesalom da Eteri" and "Daisi"
National heritage - total World Heritage Sites
4 (3 cultural, 1 natural)
National heritage - selected World Heritage Site locales
Gelati Monastery (c); Historical Monuments of Mtskheta (c); Upper Svaneti (c); Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands (n)
Economy
Economic overview
upper-middle income, fast-growing South Caucasus economy; regionally focused exporter of cars, metal ores, and energy; financial and migrant inflows resulting from Ukraine conflict; EU accession talks suspended over disputed election and foreign influence law; low inflation but persistent high unemployment
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$91.849 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$83.935 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$77.838 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - note
note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2024
9.4% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2023
7.8% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2022
11% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - note
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2024
$25,000 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2023
$22,600 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2022
$21,000 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita - note
note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$33.776 billion (2024 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate) - note
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
1.1% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
2.5% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
11.9% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - note
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - agriculture
5.4% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - industry
19.1% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - services
62.8% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - note
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use - household consumption
71.3% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - government consumption
13.4% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - investment in fixed capital
22% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - investment in inventories
0.8% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - exports of goods and services
48.4% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - imports of goods and services
-56% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - note
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
milk, grapes, potatoes, maize, wheat, tangerines/mandarins, tomatoes, barley, apples, eggs (2023)
Agricultural products - note
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
steel, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese, copper, gold), chemicals, wood products, wine
Industrial production growth rate
5.4% (2024 est.)
Industrial production growth rate - note
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
1.833 million (2024 est.)
Labor force - note
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2024
11.5% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2023
11.6% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2022
11.7% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate - note
note: % of labor force seeking employment
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - total
29.9% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - male
28.4% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - female
32.4% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - note
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
11.8% (2023 est.)
Population below poverty line - note
note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023
34.8 (2023 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - note
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures - on food
39% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Average household expenditures - on alcohol and tobacco
3.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%
2.7% (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - highest 10%
26.9% (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - note
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances - Remittances 2024
11.8% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2023
13.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2022
15.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances - note
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget - revenues
$8.686 billion (2023 est.)
Budget - expenditures
$9.307 billion (2023 est.)
Budget - note
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt - Public debt 2023
43.4% of GDP (2023 est.)
Public debt - note
note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Taxes and other revenues
23.6% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Taxes and other revenues - note
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance - Current account balance 2024
-$1.491 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance - Current account balance 2023
-$1.709 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance - Current account balance 2022
-$1.105 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance - note
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports - Exports 2024
$16.321 billion (2024 est.)
Exports - Exports 2023
$15.173 billion (2023 est.)
Exports - Exports 2022
$13.24 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - note
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
Azerbaijan 13%, Turkey 11%, Armenia 11%, Russia 10%, Kyrgyzstan 8% (2023)
Exports - partners - note
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
cars, copper ore, electricity, garments, wine (2023)
Exports - commodities - note
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports - Imports 2024
$18.915 billion (2024 est.)
Imports - Imports 2023
$17.816 billion (2023 est.)
Imports - Imports 2022
$15.665 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - note
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Turkey 16%, USA 13%, Russia 11%, China 8%, Germany 6% (2023)
Imports - partners - note
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicine, natural gas, garments (2023)
Imports - commodities - note
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$4.447 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$5.002 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$4.886 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - note
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Debt - external - Debt - external 2023
$9.085 billion (2023 est.)
Debt - external - note
note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Exchange rates - Currency
laris (GEL) per US dollar -
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2024
2.721 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2023
2.628 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2022
2.916 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2021
3.222 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2020
3.109 (2020 est.)
Energy
Electricity access - electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity
4.526 million kW (2023 est.)
Electricity - consumption
12.569 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - exports
4.913 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - imports
4.234 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - transmission/distribution losses
1.148 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - fossil fuels
23.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - wind
0.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - hydroelectricity
75.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal - production
148,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - consumption
384,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - exports
80 metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - imports
223,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - proven reserves
900.999 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum - total petroleum production
300 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Petroleum - refined petroleum consumption
34,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Petroleum - crude oil estimated reserves
35 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas - production
10.77 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - consumption
2.775 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - imports
2.764 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Natural gas - proven reserves
8.495 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita - Total energy consumption per capita 2023
56.076 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines - total subscriptions
278,000 (2023 est.)
Telephones - fixed lines - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
7 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular - total subscriptions
5.91 million (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
156 (2022 est.)
Broadcast media
state-owned Georgian Public Broadcaster (GPB) includes Channel 1, Channel 2, and Adjara TV; independent commercial TV broadcasters include Imedi, Rustavi 2, Pirveli TV, Maestro, Kavkasia, Georgian Dream Studios (GDS), Obiektivi, Mtavari Arkhi, and TOK TV (Russian language); Tabula and Post TV are web-based TV outlets; Georgian Orthodox Church operates a satellite-based television station called Unanimity; 26 regional TV broadcasters; TV shifted to digital in 2015; several dozen private radio stations; GPB operates 2 radio stations (2019)
Internet country code
.ge
Internet users - percent of population
82% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions - total
1.1 million (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
29 (2023 est.)
Transportation
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
4L
Airports
21 (2025)
Heliports
4 (2025)
Railways - total
1,363 km (2014)
Railways - narrow gauge
37 km (2014) 0.912-m gauge (37 km electrified)
Railways - broad gauge
1,326 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge (1,251 km electrified)
Merchant marine - total
26 (2023)
Merchant marine - by type
general cargo 3, other 23
Ports - total ports
3 (2024)
Ports - large
0
Ports - medium
0
Ports - small
1
Ports - very small
2
Ports - ports with oil terminals
2
Ports - key ports
Batumi, Sokhumi, Supsa Marine Terminal
Military and Security
Military and security forces
Georgian Defense Forces (GDF; aka Defense Forces of Georgia, DFG): Ground Forces, Air Force, Special Operations Forces, National Guard Ministry of Internal Affairs: Police, Border Police of Georgia, Coast Guard of Georgia (includes naval forces, which were merged with the Coast Guard in 2009) (2025)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2024
1.7% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2023
1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2022
1.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2021
1.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2020
1.6% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
the Georgia Defense Forces are authorized up to 37,000 personnel (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the majority of the military's inventory consists of Soviet-era weapons and equipment, some of which has been upgraded; it has smaller quantities of mostly secondhand material from such countries as Israel, Poland, Türkiye, and the US, as well as some domestically produced equipment; Georgia has a small defense industry which produces such items as small arms and light armored vehicles (2025)
Military service age and obligation
18-35 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription was abolished in 2016, but reinstated in 2017 for men 18-27 years of age; conscript service obligation is up to 11 months depending on the assigned ministry, job specialty, and if the service is carried out in a combat unit (2025)
Military service age and obligation - note
note: conscripts serve in the Defense Forces, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, or the Ministry of Corrections
Military - note
the Defense Forces of Georgia (DFG) are responsible for protecting the independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of the country; the DFG also provides units for multinational military operations abroad and supports the Border Police in border protection and civil authorities in counter-terrorist operations, if requested; it is focused primarily on Russia, which maintains military bases and troops in occupied Abkhazia and South Ossetia; a five-day conflict with Russian forces in 2008 resulted in the defeat and expulsion of Georgian forces from the breakaway regions Georgia is not a member of NATO but has had a relationship with the Alliance since 1992 and declared its aspiration to join in 2002; the military is working to make itself more compatible with NATO and has participated in multinational exercises and security operations abroad with NATO, such as Afghanistan, where it was one of the top non-NATO contributors, and Kosovo; the DFG has also contributed troops to EU and UN missions (2025)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons - refugees
31,791 (2024 est.)
Refugees and internally displaced persons - IDPs
347,754 (2024 est.)
Refugees and internally displaced persons - stateless persons
488 (2024 est.)
Environment
Environmental issues
air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy water pollution of Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals; land and forest degradation; biodiversity loss; waste management
International environmental agreements - party to
Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International environmental agreements - signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Climate
warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
Land use - agricultural land
34.1% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 4.4% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 27.9% (2023 est.)
Land use - forest
44.6% (2023 est.)
Land use - other
21.2% (2023 est.)
Urbanization - urban population
60.7% of total population (2023)
Urbanization - rate of urbanization
0.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Urbanization - note
note: data include Abkhazia and South Ossetia
Carbon dioxide emissions - total emissions
10.7 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from coal and metallurgical coke
812,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from petroleum and other liquids
4.469 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from consumed natural gas
5.419 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
18.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Waste and recycling - municipal solid waste generated annually
800,000 tons (2024 est.)
Waste and recycling - percent of municipal solid waste recycled
19.6% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal - municipal
504.96 million cubic meters (2022)
Total water withdrawal - industrial
354.46 million cubic meters (2022)
Total water withdrawal - agricultural
433.96 million cubic meters (2022)
Total renewable water resources
63.33 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)