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Country exposure · KH

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Cambodia

East N Southeast Asia · Phnom Penh · parliamentary constitutional monarchy

What Cambodia means for your money — the prices you pay, the tariffs in motion, and where U.S. policy could change both.

Map showing the location of Cambodia

$15.3B

U.S. imports, 2025

+21%

change in one year

$371M

U.S. exports, 2025

17M

Population

$46.4B

GDP

In your house

What you buy that Cambodia makes

America bought $15.3B in goods from Cambodia in 2025 — up 21% in a single year. Of every $100 of it, here's where the money went.

Apparel, textiles, nonwool or cotton

synthetic and performance apparel

$3.1B20.4%

Apparel, household goods - cotton

cotton clothing and linens

$2.5B16.1%

Cell phones and other household goods, n.e.c.

cell phones and home electronics

$1.7B10.8%

Footwear

shoes and sneakers

$1.2B7.7%

Automotive tires and tubes

tires

$1.1B7.2%

Toys, games, and sporting goods

toys, games, sporting goods

$975M6.4%

Apparel,household goods-nontextile

leather goods and accessories

$694M4.5%

Furniture, household goods, etc.

furniture, mattresses, lamps

$681M4.5%

Electric apparatus

$361M2.4%

Shingles, wallboard

$361M2.4%

2026 so far (through April): $5.7B in imports. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade in Goods (customs basis).

The other direction

What America sells to Cambodia

$371M in 2025 — a trade rupture cuts both ways, for American producers as well as American prices.

Passenger cars, new and used

$121M

new and used cars

Hides and skins

$23M

Agric. industry-unmanufactured

$21M

Other parts and accessories of vehicles

$15M

car parts and accessories

Plastic materials

$15M

plastics for packaging and goods

Telecommunications equipment

$12M

phones, routers, networking gear

Manmade cloth

$11M

Newsprint

$11M

Other foods

$10M

Where you stand

U.S. tariff posture toward Cambodia

Cambodia was assigned 49% in April 2025 — among the highest rates in the world, driven by its large trade surplus with the U.S. from garment and footwear exports. Through negotiations the rate was cut to 19% (effective August 7, 2025), and on October 26, 2025 Cambodia became the first country to sign a full Agreement on Reciprocal Trade with the U.S., at the ASEAN summit — maintaining 19% (with Annex III items at 0%) in exchange for eliminating tariffs on 100% of U.S. industrial and agricultural goods. Executive Order 14389 (Ending Certain Tariff Actions, Feb 20, 2026) then terminated the IEEPA reciprocal duties, and Proclamation 11012 replaced it with a 10% Section 122 temporary import surcharge effective February 24, 2026. Cambodia has no Section 232 steel/aluminum exposure.

Reciprocal tariff (assigned — terminated)

49%

The rate this country was assigned under the EO 14257 reciprocal Annex — no longer in force. The Supreme Court struck down the IEEPA tariffs and they were terminated February 24, 2026 (EO 14389), replaced by a universal ~10% Section 122 surcharge. See the timeline below for the current effective rate.

Policy in motion

Tariff status: a moving target

U.S. tariff policy toward Cambodia has changed 5 times since 2025. This page tracks it.

  1. 2026-02-24

    IEEPA reciprocal tariffs terminated — replaced by 10% Section 122

    In effect

    Executive Order 14389 (Ending Certain Tariff Actions) terminated the IEEPA tariff duties effective February 24, 2026, replacing Cambodia's 19% reciprocal rate with a 10% Section 122 temporary import surcharge under Proclamation 11012 (capped at 150 days).

    91 FR 9437 →

  2. 2025-10-26

    U.S.-Cambodia Agreement on Reciprocal Trade signed

    Agreement

    At the ASEAN summit, Cambodia became the first country to sign a full Agreement on Reciprocal Trade, maintaining the 19% rate (with Annex III items at 0%) in exchange for eliminating tariffs on 100% of U.S. industrial and agricultural goods.

    Source ↗

  3. 2025-08-07

    19% reciprocal rate takes effect for Cambodia

    In effect

    Executive Order 14326 set the post-pause Annex I reciprocal rates; Cambodia's rate was cut to 19% effective for goods entered on or after August 7, 2025, down from the 49% originally assigned.

    90 FR 37963 →

  4. 2025-04-10

    Elevated reciprocal rates paused to 10% for 90 days

    In effect

    Executive Order 14266 suspended the higher country-specific reciprocal rates — including Cambodia's 49% — back to the 10% baseline for 90 days to allow negotiations.

    90 FR 15625 →

  5. 2025-04-05

    Reciprocal tariff regime begins — Cambodia assigned 49%

    In effect

    Executive Order 14257 imposed a 10% universal reciprocal duty effective April 5 and a 49% country-specific rate for Cambodia scheduled to take effect April 9 — one of the steepest rates assigned to any partner, reflecting Cambodia's large garment-driven trade surplus.

    90 FR 15041 →
Compare all countries’ tariffs →Your tariff impact →

Reference

The country itself

East N Southeast Asia · Geography, people, economy, and government — public-domain data from the CIA World Factbook.

Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire, ushering in a long period of decline. The king placed the country under French protection in 1863, and it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In 1975, after a seven-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh and evacuated all cities and towns. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, forced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off 13 years of internecine warfare in which a coalition of Khmer Rouge, Cambodian nationalists, and royalist insurgents, with assistance from China, fought the Vietnamese-backed People’s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK). The 1991 Paris Agreements ended the country’s civil war and mandated democratic elections, which took place in 1993 and ushered in a period of multi-party democracy with a constitutional monarchy. King Norodom SIHANOUK was reinstated as head of state, and the Cambodian People's Party (CPP) and the royalist FUNCINPEC party formed a coalition government. Nevertheless, the power-sharing arrangement proved fractious and fragile, and in 1997, a coup led by CPP leader and former PRK prime minister HUN SEN dissolved the coalition and sidelined FUNCINPEC. Despite further attempts at coalition governance, the CPP has since remained in power through elections criticized for lacking fairness, political and judicial corruption, media control, and influence over labor unions, all of which have been enforced with violence and intimidation. HUN SEN remained as prime minister until 2023, when he transferred power to his son, HUN MANET. HUN SEN has subsequently maintained considerable influence as the leader of the CPP and the Senate. The CPP has also placed limits on civil society, press freedom, and freedom of expression. Despite some economic growth and considerable investment from China over the past decade, Cambodia remains one of East Asia's poorest countries. The remaining elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in 1999. A UN-backed special tribunal established in Cambodia in 1997 tried some of the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders for crimes against humanity and genocide. The tribunal concluded in 2022 with three convictions.

Regional map of Cambodia

Geography

Location
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos
Area
181,035 sq km
Climate
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Terrain
mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north
Natural resources
oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential, arable land
Coastline
443 km
Natural hazards
monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts

People & society

Population
17,230,333 (2025 est.)
Nationality
Cambodian(s)
Ethnic groups
Khmer 95.4%, Cham 2.4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 0.7% (2019-20 est.)
Languages
Khmer (official) 95.8%, minority languages 2.9%, Chinese 0.6%, Vietnamese 0.5%, other 0.2% (2019 est.)
Religions
Buddhist (official) 97.1%, Muslim 2%, Christian 0.3%, other 0.5% (2019 est.)
Median age
28.3 years (2025 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
71.4 years (2024 est.)
Literacy
71.9% (2021 est.)

Economy

Economic overview
one of the fastest growing Southeast Asian economies; rebounding tourism and clothing exports; substantial manufacturing and construction sectors; new trade agreements expanding agricultural markets; significant public debt; investing in new ports and roads
Industries
tourism, garments, construction, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles
Agricultural products
cassava, rice, maize, sugarcane, vegetables, oil palm fruit, rubber, bananas, jute, pork (2023)
Exports - partners
USA 36%, Germany 6%, China 6%, Japan 6%, Thailand 5% (2023)
Imports - partners
China 39%, Thailand 20%, Vietnam 12%, Singapore 6%, Indonesia 3% (2023)

Government

Government type
parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Capital
Phnom Penh
Independence
9 November 1953 (from France)
Constitution
previous 1947; latest promulgated 21 September 1993
Executive branch
King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October 2004)
Legislative branch
Parliament

Full reference data

Every field, by section — CIA World Factbook. Open a topic to expand it.

Introduction
Background
Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire, ushering in a long period of decline. The king placed the country under French protection in 1863, and it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In 1975, after a seven-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh and evacuated all cities and towns. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, forced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off 13 years of internecine warfare in which a coalition of Khmer Rouge, Cambodian nationalists, and royalist insurgents, with assistance from China, fought the Vietnamese-backed People’s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK). The 1991 Paris Agreements ended the country’s civil war and mandated democratic elections, which took place in 1993 and ushered in a period of multi-party democracy with a constitutional monarchy. King Norodom SIHANOUK was reinstated as head of state, and the Cambodian People's Party (CPP) and the royalist FUNCINPEC party formed a coalition government. Nevertheless, the power-sharing arrangement proved fractious and fragile, and in 1997, a coup led by CPP leader and former PRK prime minister HUN SEN dissolved the coalition and sidelined FUNCINPEC. Despite further attempts at coalition governance, the CPP has since remained in power through elections criticized for lacking fairness, political and judicial corruption, media control, and influence over labor unions, all of which have been enforced with violence and intimidation. HUN SEN remained as prime minister until 2023, when he transferred power to his son, HUN MANET. HUN SEN has subsequently maintained considerable influence as the leader of the CPP and the Senate. The CPP has also placed limits on civil society, press freedom, and freedom of expression. Despite some economic growth and considerable investment from China over the past decade, Cambodia remains one of East Asia's poorest countries. The remaining elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in 1999. A UN-backed special tribunal established in Cambodia in 1997 tried some of the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders for crimes against humanity and genocide. The tribunal concluded in 2022 with three convictions.
Travel Facts
US State Dept Travel Advisory
The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens exercise normal precautions in Cambodia. Some areas have increased risks. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws, and special circumstances in this country. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements
US citizens should make sure their passport will not expire for at least 6 months after they enter the country even if they do not intend to stay that long. They should also make sure they have at least 1 blank page in their passport for any entry stamp and or visa that will be required. A visa is required. US citizens will need to get in touch with the country’s embassy or nearest consulate to obtain a visa prior to visiting the country.
US Embassy/Consulate
[855] (23) 728-000; US Embassy in Phnom Penh, #1, Street 96, Sangkat Wat Phnom, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; https://kh.usembassy.gov/; ACSPhnomPenh@state.gov
Telephone Code
855
Local Emergency Phone
Ambulance: 119; Fire: 118; Police: 117
Vaccinations
An International Certificate of Vaccination for yellow fever is required for travelers arriving from countries with a risk of yellow fever transmission and for travelers having transited through the airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission. See WHO recommendations. http://www.who.int/
Climate
Tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Currency (Code)
Riels (KHR)
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s)
230 V / 50 Hz / plug types(s): A, C, G
Major Languages
Khmer, Chinese, Vietnamese, other minority languages
Major Religions
Buddhist 97.9%, Muslim 1.1%, Christian 0.5%
Time Difference
UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Potable Water
Opt for bottled water
International Driving Permit
Suggested
Road Driving Side
Right
Tourist Destinations
Angkor Wat; Bayon Temple; Banteay Srei; Kratie; Royal Palace Phnom Penh; Angkor Thom; Prasat Bayong; Preah Khan; Bokor Hill Station
Major Sports
Soccer, basketball
Cultural Practices
In Cambodia, traditional greetings consist of a bow combined with a bringing of the hands together at the chest. The more respect intended, the lower the bow and the higher the placement of the hands.
Tipping Guidelines
A tip of 10% is appropriate at restaurants. If you are staying in a hotel, give the bellman around $1 (USD) per bag and housekeeping $1 (USD) per day. Taxi drivers do not expect tips.
Souvenirs
Krama scarves, silk items, carved statues, jewelry, silver boxes and bowls
Traditional Cuisine
A mok trei (fish amok) — a steamed fish curry with a mousse-like consistency
CIA source last updated
Thursday, September 08, 2022
Travel resources

Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.

World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.

US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.

To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs: American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)

How to get help in an emergency? Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers: from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444

Page last updated: Thursday, September 08, 2022

Geography
Location
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos
Geographic coordinates
13 00 N, 105 00 E
Map references
Southeast Asia
Area - total
181,035 sq km
Area - land
176,515 sq km
Area - water
4,520 sq km
Area - comparative
1.5 times the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oklahoma
Land boundaries - total
2,530 km
Land boundaries - border countries
Laos 555 km; Thailand 817 km; Vietnam 1158 km
Coastline
443 km
Maritime claims - territorial sea
12 nm
Maritime claims - contiguous zone
24 nm
Maritime claims - exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Maritime claims - continental shelf
200 nm
Climate
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Terrain
mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north
Elevation - highest point
Phnum Aoral 1,810 m
Elevation - lowest point
Gulf of Thailand 0 m
Elevation - mean elevation
126 m
Natural resources
oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential, arable land
Land use - agricultural land
34.9% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 23.3% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 3% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 8.5% (2023 est.)
Land use - forest
39.4% (2023 est.)
Land use - other
25.8% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
3,540 sq km (2012)
Major lakes (area sq km) - fresh water lake(s)
Tonle Sap - 2,700-16,000 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km)
Mekong (shared with China [s], Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam [m]) - 4,350 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km) - Pacific Ocean drainage
Mekong (805,604 sq km)
Population distribution
population concentrated in the southeast, particularly in and around the capital of Phnom Penh; further distribution is linked closely to the Tonle Sap and Mekong Rivers
Natural hazards
monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts
Geography - note
a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap (Southeast Asia's largest freshwater lake)
People and Society
Population - total
17,230,333 (2025 est.)
Population - male
8,362,224
Population - female
8,868,109
Nationality - noun
Cambodian(s)
Nationality - adjective
Cambodian
Ethnic groups
Khmer 95.4%, Cham 2.4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 0.7% (2019-20 est.)
Languages - Languages
Khmer (official) 95.8%, minority languages 2.9%, Chinese 0.6%, Vietnamese 0.5%, other 0.2% (2019 est.)
Languages - major-language sample(s)
សៀវភៅហេតុការណនៅលើពិភពលោក។ ទីតាំងពត៏មានមូលដានគ្រឹះយាងសំខាន់។. (Khmer) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Buddhist (official) 97.1%, Muslim 2%, Christian 0.3%, other 0.5% (2019 est.)
Age structure - 0-14 years
28.9% (male 2,497,056/female 2,436,618)
Age structure - 15-64 years
65.8% (male 5,456,941/female 5,765,206)
Age structure - 65 years and over
5.3% (2024 est.) (male 323,591/female 584,257)
Dependency ratios - total dependency ratio
51.2 (2025 est.)
Dependency ratios - youth dependency ratio
42.9 (2025 est.)
Dependency ratios - elderly dependency ratio
8.4 (2025 est.)
Dependency ratios - potential support ratio
11.9 (2025 est.)
Median age - total
28.3 years (2025 est.)
Median age - male
26.9 years
Median age - female
28.9 years
Population growth rate
0.95% (2025 est.)
Birth rate
17.74 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
5.62 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate
-2.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution
population concentrated in the southeast, particularly in and around the capital of Phnom Penh; further distribution is linked closely to the Tonle Sap and Mekong Rivers
Urbanization - urban population
25.6% of total population (2023)
Urbanization - rate of urbanization
3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population
2.281 million PHNOM PENH (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio - at birth
1.04 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 0-14 years
1.02 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 15-64 years
0.95 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - 65 years and over
0.55 male(s)/female
Sex ratio - total population
0.94 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
23.3 years (2021-22 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth - note
note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49
Maternal mortality ratio
137 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate - total
27.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Infant mortality rate - male
31.3 deaths/1,000 live births
Infant mortality rate - female
24.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population
71.4 years (2024 est.)
Life expectancy at birth - male
69.6 years
Life expectancy at birth - female
73.3 years
Total fertility rate
2.14 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
1.05 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: urban
urban: 93.6% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: rural
rural: 72.8% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - improved: total
total: 78% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: urban
urban: 6.4% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: rural
rural: 27.2% of population (2022 est.)
Drinking water source - unimproved: total
total: 22% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
7.5% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure - Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
7% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
0.21 physicians/1,000 population (2019)
Hospital bed density
0.7 beds/1,000 population (2018 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: rural
rural: 79.6% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - improved: total
total: 84.7% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: rural
rural: 20.4% of population (2022 est.)
Sanitation facility access - unimproved: total
total: 15.3% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
3.9% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita - total
4.56 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - beer
4.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - wine
0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - spirits
0.41 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita - other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use - total
14.5% (2025 est.)
Tobacco use - male
24.9% (2025 est.)
Tobacco use - female
4.7% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
16.3% (2021 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
67.2% (2022 est.)
Child marriage - women married by age 15
1.9% (2022)
Child marriage - women married by age 18
17.9% (2022)
Child marriage - men married by age 18
3.3% (2022)
Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% GDP)
2.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure - Education expenditure (% national budget)
11.6% national budget (2025 est.)
Literacy - total population
71.9% (2021 est.)
Literacy - male
81.5% (2021 est.)
Literacy - female
63.6% (2021 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - total
11 years (2023 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - male
11 years (2023 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) - female
11 years (2023 est.)
Government
Country name - conventional long form
Kingdom of Cambodia
Country name - conventional short form
Cambodia
Country name - local long form
Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea (phonetic transliteration)
Country name - local short form
Kampuchea
Country name - former
Khmer Republic, Democratic Kampuchea, People's Republic of Kampuchea, State of Cambodia
Country name - etymology
the name is derived from Kambu, a legendary ancestor of the Cambodian people
Government type
parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Capital - name
Phnom Penh
Capital - geographic coordinates
11 33 N, 104 55 E
Capital - time difference
UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Capital - etymology
the name means "mountain of plenty," from the Cambodian words phnom (mountain or hill) and penh (full)
Administrative divisions
24 provinces ( khett , singular and plural) and 1 municipality ( krong , singular and plural) provinces: Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Kandal, Kep, Koh Kong, Kratie, Mondolkiri, Oddar Meanchey, Pailin, Preah Sihanouk, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Pursat, Ratanakiri, Siem Reap, Stung Treng, Svay Rieng, Takeo, Tbong Khmum municipalities: Phnom Penh (Phnum Penh)
Legal system
civil law system (influenced by the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia), customary law, Communist legal theory, and common law
Constitution - history
previous 1947; latest promulgated 21 September 1993
Constitution - amendment process
proposed by the monarch, by the prime minister, or by the president of the National Assembly if supported by one fourth of the Assembly membership; passage requires two-thirds majority of the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the multiparty democratic form of government and the monarchy cannot be amended
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship - citizenship by birth
no
Citizenship - citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Cambodia
Citizenship - dual citizenship recognized
yes
Citizenship - residency requirement for naturalization
7 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch - chief of state
King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October 2004)
Executive branch - head of government
Prime Minister HUN MANET (since 22 August 2023)
Executive branch - cabinet
Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch
Executive branch - election/appointment process
monarch chosen by the 9-member Royal Council of the Throne from among all eligible males of royal descent; after legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the monarch
Executive branch - note
note: MANET succeeded his father, HUN SEN, who had been prime minister since 1985
Legislative branch - legislature name
Parliament
Legislative branch - legislative structure
bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber - chamber name
National Assembly (Radhsphea Ney Preah Recheanachakr Kampuchea)
Legislative branch - lower chamber - number of seats
125 (all directly elected)
Legislative branch - lower chamber - electoral system
proportional representation
Legislative branch - lower chamber - scope of elections
full renewal
Legislative branch - lower chamber - term in office
5 years
Legislative branch - lower chamber - most recent election date
7/23/2023
Legislative branch - lower chamber - parties elected and seats per party
Cambodian People's Party (CPP) (120); United National Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Co-operative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) (5)
Legislative branch - lower chamber - percentage of women in chamber
13.6%
Legislative branch - lower chamber - expected date of next election
July 2028
Legislative branch - upper chamber - chamber name
Senate
Legislative branch - upper chamber - number of seats
62 (60 indirectly elected; 2 appointed)
Legislative branch - upper chamber - scope of elections
full renewal
Legislative branch - upper chamber - term in office
6 years
Legislative branch - upper chamber - most recent election date
2/25/2024
Legislative branch - upper chamber - percentage of women in chamber
19.4%
Legislative branch - upper chamber - expected date of next election
February 2030
Judicial branch - highest court(s)
Supreme Council (organized into 5- and 9-judge panels and includes a court chief and deputy chief); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
Judicial branch - judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court and Constitutional Council judge candidates recommended by the Supreme Council of Magistracy, a 17-member body chaired by the monarch and includes other high-level judicial officers; judges of both courts appointed by the monarch; Supreme Court judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council judges appointed for 9-year terms with one third of the court renewed every 3 years
Judicial branch - subordinate courts
Appellate Court; provincial and municipal courts; Military Court
Political parties
Cambodian People's Party (CPP) United National Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Co-operative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC)
Political parties - note
note: the Cambodian Government has disqualified the main opposition Candlelight Party
Diplomatic representation in the US - chief of mission
Ambassador Koy KUONG (since 11 June 2025)
Diplomatic representation in the US - chancery
4530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
Diplomatic representation in the US - telephone
[1] (202) 726-7742
Diplomatic representation in the US - FAX
[1] (202) 726-8381
Diplomatic representation in the US - email address and website
camemb.usa@mfaic.gov.kh https://www.embassyofcambodiadc.org/
Diplomatic representation from the US - chief of mission
Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Bridgette L. WALKER (since August 2024)
Diplomatic representation from the US - embassy
#1, Street 96, Sangkat Wat Phnom, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh
Diplomatic representation from the US - mailing address
4540 Phnom Penh Place, Washington DC 20521-4540
Diplomatic representation from the US - telephone
[855] (23) 728-000
Diplomatic representation from the US - FAX
[855] (23) 728-700
Diplomatic representation from the US - email address and website
ACSPhnomPenh@state.gov https://kh.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ADB, ARF, ASEAN, CICA, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Independence
9 November 1953 (from France)
National holiday
Independence Day, 9 November (1953)
Flag
description: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double-width), and blue; a three-towered, stylized white temple outlined in black is in the center of the red band, representing Angkor Wat meaning: red and blue are traditional Cambodian colors
Flag - note
note: only national flag to prominently incorporate an identifiable building into its design; Afghanistan, San Marino, Portugal, and Spain show small generic buildings as part of their coats of arms on the flag
National symbol(s)
Angkor Wat temple, kouprey (wild ox)
National color(s)
red, blue
National coat of arms
Cambodia’s coat of arms is also the Royal Arms of Cambodia; the lions symbolize strength, courage, and the divine protection of the monarchs; the lion on the left is a gajasingha (a lion with an elephant’s trunk), and the lion on the right is a rajasingha (royal lion); both hold five-tiered umbrellas representing the king and queen, and they stand on a blue ribbon that says “ Preah Chao Krung Kampuche” ' (King of the Kingdom of Cambodia); between the lions is a crown with the Unalome, the Buddhist and Hindu symbol for the spiritual path to enlightenment, under it and a ray of light on top
National anthem(s) - title
"Nokoreach" (Royal Kingdom)
National anthem(s) - lyrics/music
CHUON NAT/F. PERRUCHOT and J. JEKYLL
National anthem(s) - history
adopted 1941, restored 1993; the anthem, based on a Cambodian folk tune, was restored after the defeat of the Communist regime
National heritage - total World Heritage Sites
5 (all cultural)
National heritage - selected World Heritage Site locales
Angkor; Temple of Preah Vihear; Sambor Prei Kuk; Koh Ker: Archaeological Site of Ancient Lingapora or Chok Gargyar; Cambodian Memorial Sites: From centres of repression to places of peace and reflection (c)
Economy
Economic overview
one of the fastest growing Southeast Asian economies; rebounding tourism and clothing exports; substantial manufacturing and construction sectors; new trade agreements expanding agricultural markets; significant public debt; investing in new ports and roads
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$123.676 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$116.658 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$111.095 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) - note
note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2024
6% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2023
5% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - Real GDP growth rate 2022
5.1% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate - note
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2024
$7,000 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2023
$6,700 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita - Real GDP per capita 2022
$6,500 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita - note
note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$46.353 billion (2024 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate) - note
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
2.1% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
5.3% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
2.9% (2021 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - note
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - agriculture
16.6% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - industry
41.8% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - services
35.6% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin - note
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use - household consumption
59.8% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - government consumption
5.8% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - investment in fixed capital
31.6% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - investment in inventories
0.6% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - exports of goods and services
71.4% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - imports of goods and services
-72.1% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use - note
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
cassava, rice, maize, sugarcane, vegetables, oil palm fruit, rubber, bananas, jute, pork (2023)
Agricultural products - note
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
tourism, garments, construction, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles
Industrial production growth rate
9.5% (2024 est.)
Industrial production growth rate - note
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
9.904 million (2024 est.)
Labor force - note
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2024
0.3% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2023
0.3% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate - Unemployment rate 2022
0.3% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate - note
note: % of labor force seeking employment
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - total
0.8% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - male
0.7% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - female
0.9% (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) - note
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Average household expenditures - on food
40.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Average household expenditures - on alcohol and tobacco
1.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2024
6.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2023
6.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances - Remittances 2022
6.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances - note
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget - revenues
$7.076 billion (2023 est.)
Budget - expenditures
$8.285 billion (2023 est.)
Budget - note
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt - Public debt 2023
50.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Public debt - note
note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Taxes and other revenues
12.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Taxes and other revenues - note
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance - Current account balance 2024
$222.108 million (2024 est.)
Current account balance - Current account balance 2023
$552.346 million (2023 est.)
Current account balance - Current account balance 2022
-$7.582 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance - note
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports - Exports 2024
$31.712 billion (2024 est.)
Exports - Exports 2023
$27.753 billion (2023 est.)
Exports - Exports 2022
$25.497 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - note
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
USA 36%, Germany 6%, China 6%, Japan 6%, Thailand 5% (2023)
Exports - partners - note
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
garments, semiconductors, trunks and cases, footwear, gold (2023)
Exports - commodities - note
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports - Imports 2024
$34.329 billion (2024 est.)
Imports - Imports 2023
$29.421 billion (2023 est.)
Imports - Imports 2022
$34.759 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - note
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
China 39%, Thailand 20%, Vietnam 12%, Singapore 6%, Indonesia 3% (2023)
Imports - partners - note
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, fabric, gold, plastic products, synthetic fabric (2023)
Imports - commodities - note
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$22.506 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$19.984 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$17.801 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold - note
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Debt - external - Debt - external 2023
$8.019 billion (2023 est.)
Debt - external - note
note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Exchange rates - Currency
riels (KHR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2024
4,072.397 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2023
4,110.653 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2022
4,102.038 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2021
4,098.723 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates - Exchange rates 2020
4,092.783 (2020 est.)
Energy
Electricity access - electrification - total population
92.3% (2022 est.)
Electricity access - electrification - urban areas
99%
Electricity access - electrification - rural areas
88%
Electricity - installed generating capacity
3.673 million kW (2023 est.)
Electricity - consumption
16.998 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - imports
5.096 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity - transmission/distribution losses
1.882 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - fossil fuels
55.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - solar
5.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - hydroelectricity
38.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources - biomass and waste
0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal - production
27,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - consumption
4.39 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Coal - imports
4.36 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum - refined petroleum consumption
77,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Energy consumption per capita - Total energy consumption per capita 2023
15.664 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines - total subscriptions
29,100 (2024 est.)
Telephones - fixed lines - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
(2024 est.) less than 1
Telephones - mobile cellular - total subscriptions
20.5 million (2024 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
116 (2024 est.)
Broadcast media
mix of state-owned, joint public-private, and privately owned broadcast media; 27 TV stations, with most operating on multiple channels, including 1 state-operated station with multiple locations and 11 stations either jointly operated or privately owned, some with several locations; multi-channel cable and satellite systems; 84 radio stations, including 1 state-owned broadcaster with multiple stations and a mix of public and private broadcasters; one international broadcaster is available, as well as one TV station that is jointly run by China and the Ministry of Interior; several TV and radio operators broadcast online only (often via Facebook) (2019)
Internet country code
.kh
Internet users - percent of population
61% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions - total
510,000 (2022 est.) Slowly increase as focus is on mobile internet
Broadband - fixed subscriptions - subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
3 (2022 est.)
Transportation
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
XU
Airports
12 (2025)
Heliports
1 (2025)
Railways - total
642 km (2014)
Railways - narrow gauge
642 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge
Railways - note
note: under restoration
Merchant marine - total
195 (2023)
Merchant marine - by type
container ship 2, general cargo 123, oil tanker 18, other 52
Ports - total ports
2 (2024)
Ports - large
0
Ports - medium
1
Ports - small
0
Ports - very small
1
Ports - ports with oil terminals
1
Ports - key ports
Kampong Saom, Phsar Ream
Military and Security
Military and security forces
Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF): Royal Cambodian Army, Royal Khmer Navy, Royal Cambodian Air Force, Royal Gendarmerie (Military Police); National Committee for Maritime Security (2025)
Military and security forces - note
note 1: the National Committee for Maritime Security performs coast guard functions and has representation from military and civilian agencies note 2: the Cambodian National Police are under the Ministry of Interior
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2024
1.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2023
1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2022
2.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2021
2.3% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military expenditures - Military Expenditures 2020
2.3% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
information varies; estimated 200,000 Armed Forces, including Gendarmerie (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the RCAF is armed largely with older Chinese and Russian/Soviet origin armaments; in recent years it has received limited amounts of more modern equipment from several suppliers, particularly China (2025)
Military service age and obligation
18 is the legal minimum age for military service for men and women (2025)
Military service age and obligation - note
note: in 2006, Cambodia's parliament approved a law requiring all Cambodians aged 18 to 30 to serve in the military for 18 months, although the law has never been enforced (service was to be voluntary for women); in 2025, the Cambodian Government announced that the 2006 conscription law would be enforced beginning in 2026 and have a 24-month service requirement
Military deployments
340 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 180 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025)
Military - note
the primary responsibilities of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF) are border, coastal, and internal security; key security partners include China and Vietnam; in July 2025, following months of rising tensions, the RCAF and the military forces of Thailand clashed in multiple locations along their disputed border; both sides blamed the other for provoking the five-day conflict, which included cross-border artillery shelling by both sides and air attacks by RTARF fighter aircraft and drones the RCAF was re-established in 1993 under the first coalition government from the merger of the Cambodian Government’s military forces (Cambodian People’s Armed Forces) and the two non-communist resistance forces (Sihanoukist National Army, aka National Army for Khmer Independence, and the Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces); thousands of communist Khmer Rouge fighters began surrendering by 1994 under a government amnesty program and the last of the Khmer Rouge forces (National Army of Democratic Kampuchea) were demobilized or absorbed into the RCAF in 1999 (2025)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons - refugees
28 (2024 est.)
Refugees and internally displaced persons - IDPs
2,526 (2024 est.)
Refugees and internally displaced persons - stateless persons
75,000 (2024 est.)
Trafficking in persons - tier rating
Tier 3 — Cambodia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Cambodia remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/cambodia/
Environment
Environmental issues
habitat and biodiversity loss from illegal logging and strip mining; destruction of mangrove swamps; soil erosion; limited access to potable water in rural areas; illegal fishing and overfishing; deforestation leading to sediment build-up in coastal ecosystems
International environmental agreements - party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International environmental agreements - signed, but not ratified
Law of the Sea
Climate
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Land use - agricultural land
34.9% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 23.3% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 3% (2023 est.)
Land use - agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 8.5% (2023 est.)
Land use - forest
39.4% (2023 est.)
Land use - other
25.8% (2023 est.)
Urbanization - urban population
25.6% of total population (2023)
Urbanization - rate of urbanization
3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - total emissions
18.779 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from coal and metallurgical coke
8.026 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions - from petroleum and other liquids
10.753 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
18.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Waste and recycling - municipal solid waste generated annually
1.089 million tons (2024 est.)
Waste and recycling - percent of municipal solid waste recycled
12.4% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal - municipal
98 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal - industrial
33 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal - agricultural
2.053 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources
476.1 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
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