VirginiaHB4432026 Regular SessionHouse

Judicial district and circuit courts; maximum number of judges.

Sponsored By: Patrick A. Hope (Democratic)

Became Law

Summary

Maximum number of judges in each judicial district and circuit; maximum number of judges on the Court of Appeals of Virginia; hearing en banc; study to examine organization and boundaries of certain judicial circuits; report. Increases from 17 to 21 the maximum number of authorized judges on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. The bill removes provisions that require the Court of Appeals to sit en banc in certain instances, making the decision of whether to sit en banc entirely discretionary. The bill requires the Court of Appeals to sit en banc with no fewer than 13 judges, three of whom shall be the three judges to whom the case was originally assigned and the remaining 10 of whom shall be assigned pursuant to a randomized rotational schedule in accordance with the Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia. Under the bill, such provisions relating to the Court of Appeals shall become effective on September 1, 2026.The bill also increases by one the maximum number of authorized general district court judges in the Twelfth and Twenty-sixth Judicial Districts. The bill also increases by one the maximum number of authorized juvenile and domestic relations district court judges in the Twelfth and Fifteenth Judicial Districts. The bill further increases by one the maximum number of authorized circuit court judges in the Twentieth and Twenty-seventh Judicial Circuits. Under the bill, the provisions relating to increasing the number of judges in the Fifteenth and Twentieth Judicial Circuits shall become effective on July 1, 2027.Finally, the bill directs the Judicial Council of Virginia to study the organization and boundaries of the Fifteenth and Twentieth Judicial Circuits and to submit an executive summary and a report of its findings and any recommendations to the Governor and the General Assembly no later than November 30, 2026.As introduced, this bill was a recommendation of the Committee on District Courts and the Judicial Council of Virginia. This bill incorporates HB 46 and HB 194.

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Bill Overview

Analyzed Economic Effects

5 provisions identified: 2 benefits, 1 costs, 2 mixed.

More appeals judges and tougher vetting

The Court of Appeals now has 21 judges, each serving eight-year terms elected by the General Assembly. Candidates must pass a criminal history check and a child abuse registry check, and give a statement of economic interests if they did not file one last year. Judges must live in Virginia and have been licensed to practice law in Virginia for at least five years. While in office, they cannot practice law or hold other public office. The court’s judges elect a chief judge for a four-year term. If a vacancy happens while the General Assembly is not in session, the Governor appoints a temporary judge until 30 days after the next session starts. The General Assembly can also elect a successor during a session before a known vacancy, who starts after the predecessor leaves.

Appeals panels and en banc rules

The Court of Appeals hears cases in panels of at least three judges, and all assigned judges must be present for a quorum. The chief judge assigns and rotates panel members and presides when on a panel. The court can rehear a case en banc when set triggers are met, such as a panel dissent with six judges voting for en banc, or a conflict with five concurring judges. An en banc court has at least 13 judges: the three original judges plus 10 selected by a randomized rotation. A majority of those judges must vote to reverse a judgment.

Temporary judges help cut backlogs

The chief judge may appoint consenting retired justices and judges to serve when a judge is absent or disabled, or to ease heavy caseloads. These designations do not raise the official number of judges. The state repays their actual expenses for time spent holding court.

District judge caps and residency rule

The law caps the number of full-time general district and juvenile and domestic relations judges in each district. It does not itself create or fund new seats. Full-time district judges must live in the district where they serve, with a narrow statutory exception.

Caps and studies for circuit judges

The law sets a fixed maximum number of circuit court judges for each judicial circuit. No new circuit judges or circuit boundary changes are allowed until the Judicial Council studies the need and reports to the House and Senate Courts of Justice Committees. If the Council finds a need for another judge, it must share the study and publish a notice to lawyers. The Compensation Board must then study courtroom security and deputy clerk staffing and report to the same committees and the Department of Planning and Budget.

Sponsors & Cosponsors

Sponsor

  • Patrick A. Hope

    Democratic • House

Cosponsors

There are no cosponsors for this bill.

Roll Call Votes

All Roll Calls

Yes: 392 • No: 118

Senate vote 3/14/2026

Conference report agreed to by Senate

Yes: 22 • No: 17

House vote 3/14/2026

Conference report agreed to by House

Yes: 91 • No: 5

Senate vote 3/10/2026

Senate insisted on substitute Block Vote

Yes: 40 • No: 0

House vote 3/6/2026

Senate substitute rejected by House

Yes: 1 • No: 96

Senate vote 3/4/2026

Passed Senate with substitute Block Vote

Yes: 40 • No: 0

Senate vote 3/4/2026

Finance and Appropriations Substitute agreed to

Yes: 0 • No: 0

Senate vote 3/3/2026

Constitutional reading dispensed Block Vote (on 2nd reading)

Yes: 40 • No: 0

Senate vote 3/3/2026

Reported from Finance and Appropriations with substitute

Yes: 15 • No: 0

Senate vote 3/3/2026

Passed by for the day Block Vote (Voice Vote)

Yes: 0 • No: 0

Senate vote 2/18/2026

Reported from Courts of Justice and rereferred to Finance and Appropriations

Yes: 13 • No: 0

House vote 2/10/2026

Read third time and passed House Block Vote

Yes: 98 • No: 0

House vote 2/4/2026

Reported from Courts of Justice with substitute

Yes: 22 • No: 0

House vote 2/2/2026

Subcommittee recommends reporting with substitute and referring to Appropriations

Yes: 10 • No: 0 • Other: 1

Actions Timeline

  1. Acts of Assembly Chapter text (CHAP0615)

    4/13/2026Governor
  2. Approved by Governor-Chapter 615 (Effective - see bill)

    4/13/2026Governor
  3. Fiscal Impact Statement from Department of Planning and Budget (HB443)

    3/31/2026House
  4. Governor's Action Deadline 11:59 p.m., April 13, 2026

    3/31/2026Governor
  5. Enrolled Bill communicated to Governor on March 31, 2026

    3/31/2026House
  6. Signed by Speaker

    3/31/2026House
  7. Bill text as passed House and Senate (HB443ER)

    3/30/2026House
  8. Enrolled

    3/30/2026House
  9. Signed by President

    3/30/2026Senate
  10. Fiscal Impact Statement from Department of Planning and Budget (HB443)

    3/25/2026House
  11. Conference report agreed to by Senate (22-Y 17-N 0-A)

    3/14/2026Senate
  12. Conference report agreed to by House (91-Y 5-N 0-A)

    3/14/2026House
  13. Conference Report released

    3/14/2026
  14. Conference Report released

    3/14/2026
  15. House Conferees: Hope, Maldonado, Ballard

    3/11/2026House
  16. Conferees appointed by House

    3/11/2026House
  17. House acceded to request

    3/11/2026House
  18. Conferees appointed by Senate

    3/11/2026Senate
  19. Senate Conferees: Perry, Deeds, Stuart

    3/11/2026Senate
  20. Senate insisted on substitute Block Vote (40-Y 0-N 0-A)

    3/10/2026Senate
  21. Senate requested conference committee

    3/10/2026Senate
  22. Senate substitute rejected by House (1-Y 96-N 0-A)

    3/6/2026House
  23. Passed Senate with substitute Block Vote (40-Y 0-N 0-A)

    3/4/2026Senate
  24. Finance and Appropriations Substitute agreed to

    3/4/2026Senate
  25. Committee substitute printed 26109166D-S1

    3/4/2026Senate

Bill Text

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