All Roll Calls
Yes: 392 • No: 118
Sponsored By: Patrick A. Hope (Democratic)
Became Law
Maximum number of judges in each judicial district and circuit; maximum number of judges on the Court of Appeals of Virginia; hearing en banc; study to examine organization and boundaries of certain judicial circuits; report. Increases from 17 to 21 the maximum number of authorized judges on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. The bill removes provisions that require the Court of Appeals to sit en banc in certain instances, making the decision of whether to sit en banc entirely discretionary. The bill requires the Court of Appeals to sit en banc with no fewer than 13 judges, three of whom shall be the three judges to whom the case was originally assigned and the remaining 10 of whom shall be assigned pursuant to a randomized rotational schedule in accordance with the Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia. Under the bill, such provisions relating to the Court of Appeals shall become effective on September 1, 2026.The bill also increases by one the maximum number of authorized general district court judges in the Twelfth and Twenty-sixth Judicial Districts. The bill also increases by one the maximum number of authorized juvenile and domestic relations district court judges in the Twelfth and Fifteenth Judicial Districts. The bill further increases by one the maximum number of authorized circuit court judges in the Twentieth and Twenty-seventh Judicial Circuits. Under the bill, the provisions relating to increasing the number of judges in the Fifteenth and Twentieth Judicial Circuits shall become effective on July 1, 2027.Finally, the bill directs the Judicial Council of Virginia to study the organization and boundaries of the Fifteenth and Twentieth Judicial Circuits and to submit an executive summary and a report of its findings and any recommendations to the Governor and the General Assembly no later than November 30, 2026.As introduced, this bill was a recommendation of the Committee on District Courts and the Judicial Council of Virginia. This bill incorporates HB 46 and HB 194.
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5 provisions identified: 2 benefits, 1 costs, 2 mixed.
The Court of Appeals now has 21 judges, each serving eight-year terms elected by the General Assembly. Candidates must pass a criminal history check and a child abuse registry check, and give a statement of economic interests if they did not file one last year. Judges must live in Virginia and have been licensed to practice law in Virginia for at least five years. While in office, they cannot practice law or hold other public office. The court’s judges elect a chief judge for a four-year term. If a vacancy happens while the General Assembly is not in session, the Governor appoints a temporary judge until 30 days after the next session starts. The General Assembly can also elect a successor during a session before a known vacancy, who starts after the predecessor leaves.
The Court of Appeals hears cases in panels of at least three judges, and all assigned judges must be present for a quorum. The chief judge assigns and rotates panel members and presides when on a panel. The court can rehear a case en banc when set triggers are met, such as a panel dissent with six judges voting for en banc, or a conflict with five concurring judges. An en banc court has at least 13 judges: the three original judges plus 10 selected by a randomized rotation. A majority of those judges must vote to reverse a judgment.
The chief judge may appoint consenting retired justices and judges to serve when a judge is absent or disabled, or to ease heavy caseloads. These designations do not raise the official number of judges. The state repays their actual expenses for time spent holding court.
The law caps the number of full-time general district and juvenile and domestic relations judges in each district. It does not itself create or fund new seats. Full-time district judges must live in the district where they serve, with a narrow statutory exception.
The law sets a fixed maximum number of circuit court judges for each judicial circuit. No new circuit judges or circuit boundary changes are allowed until the Judicial Council studies the need and reports to the House and Senate Courts of Justice Committees. If the Council finds a need for another judge, it must share the study and publish a notice to lawyers. The Compensation Board must then study courtroom security and deputy clerk staffing and report to the same committees and the Department of Planning and Budget.
Patrick A. Hope
Democratic • House
There are no cosponsors for this bill.
All Roll Calls
Yes: 392 • No: 118
Senate vote • 3/14/2026
Conference report agreed to by Senate
Yes: 22 • No: 17
House vote • 3/14/2026
Conference report agreed to by House
Yes: 91 • No: 5
Senate vote • 3/10/2026
Senate insisted on substitute Block Vote
Yes: 40 • No: 0
House vote • 3/6/2026
Senate substitute rejected by House
Yes: 1 • No: 96
Senate vote • 3/4/2026
Passed Senate with substitute Block Vote
Yes: 40 • No: 0
Senate vote • 3/4/2026
Finance and Appropriations Substitute agreed to
Yes: 0 • No: 0
Senate vote • 3/3/2026
Constitutional reading dispensed Block Vote (on 2nd reading)
Yes: 40 • No: 0
Senate vote • 3/3/2026
Reported from Finance and Appropriations with substitute
Yes: 15 • No: 0
Senate vote • 3/3/2026
Passed by for the day Block Vote (Voice Vote)
Yes: 0 • No: 0
Senate vote • 2/18/2026
Reported from Courts of Justice and rereferred to Finance and Appropriations
Yes: 13 • No: 0
House vote • 2/10/2026
Read third time and passed House Block Vote
Yes: 98 • No: 0
House vote • 2/4/2026
Reported from Courts of Justice with substitute
Yes: 22 • No: 0
House vote • 2/2/2026
Subcommittee recommends reporting with substitute and referring to Appropriations
Yes: 10 • No: 0 • Other: 1
Acts of Assembly Chapter text (CHAP0615)
Approved by Governor-Chapter 615 (Effective - see bill)
Fiscal Impact Statement from Department of Planning and Budget (HB443)
Governor's Action Deadline 11:59 p.m., April 13, 2026
Enrolled Bill communicated to Governor on March 31, 2026
Signed by Speaker
Bill text as passed House and Senate (HB443ER)
Enrolled
Signed by President
Fiscal Impact Statement from Department of Planning and Budget (HB443)
Conference report agreed to by Senate (22-Y 17-N 0-A)
Conference report agreed to by House (91-Y 5-N 0-A)
Conference Report released
Conference Report released
House Conferees: Hope, Maldonado, Ballard
Conferees appointed by House
House acceded to request
Conferees appointed by Senate
Senate Conferees: Perry, Deeds, Stuart
Senate insisted on substitute Block Vote (40-Y 0-N 0-A)
Senate requested conference committee
Senate substitute rejected by House (1-Y 96-N 0-A)
Passed Senate with substitute Block Vote (40-Y 0-N 0-A)
Finance and Appropriations Substitute agreed to
Committee substitute printed 26109166D-S1
Chaptered
4/13/2026
Enrolled
3/30/2026
Conference Report
3/14/2026
Substitute
3/14/2026
Substitute
3/4/2026
Substitute
2/4/2026
Substitute
2/3/2026
Introduced
1/12/2026
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