VirginiaSB3232026 Regular SessionSenateWALLET

Plastic firearms or receivers, etc., transfer, etc., prohibited; penalties.

Sponsored By: Adam P. Ebbin (Democratic)

Signed by Governor

Summary

Manufacture, importation, sale, transfer, or possession of plastic firearms and unfinished frames or receivers and unserialized firearms prohibited; penalties. Creates a Class 5 felony for any person who knowingly manufactures or assembles, imports, purchases, sells, transfers, or possesses any firearm that, after removal of all parts other than a major component, as defined in the bill, is not detectable as a firearm when subjected to inspection by the types of detection devices, including X-ray machines, commonly used at airports, government buildings, schools, correctional facilities, and other locations for security screening. The bill updates language regarding the types of detection devices that are used at such locations for detecting plastic firearms. Under current law, it is unlawful to manufacture, import, sell, transfer, or possess any plastic firearm and a violation is punishable as a Class 5 felony.The bill also creates a Class 1 misdemeanor, which is punishable as a Class 4 felony for a second or subsequent offense, for any person to knowingly possess a firearm or any completed or unfinished frame or receiver that is not imprinted with a valid serial number or to knowingly import, purchase, sell, offer for sale, or transfer ownership of any completed or unfinished frame or receiver, unless the completed or unfinished frame or receiver (i) is deemed to be a firearm pursuant to federal law and (ii) is imprinted with a valid serial number. The bill also creates a Class 1 misdemeanor, which is punishable as a Class 4 felony for a second or subsequent offense, for any person to manufacture or assemble, cause to be manufactured or assembled, import, purchase, sell, offer for sale, or transfer ownership of any firearm that is not imprinted with a valid serial number. The provisions of the bill prohibiting unfinished frames or receivers and unserialized firearms have a delayed effective date of January 1, 2027; however, the provisions of the bill prohibiting the knowing possession of a firearm or any completed or unfinished frame or receiver that is not imprinted with a valid serial number have a delayed effective date of July 1, 2027. This bill is identical to HB 40.

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Bill Overview

Analyzed Economic Effects

4 provisions identified: 0 benefits, 3 costs, 1 mixed.

Gun owners face serial number requirements

Beginning January 1, 2027, firearms must have valid serial numbers to be made, assembled, imported, bought, sold, or transferred. The ban also covers arranging production and offering firearms for sale. Knowingly importing, buying, selling, offering for sale, or transferring completed or unfinished frames and receivers requires two things: federal firearm status and a valid serial number. Unfinished items include those designed or readily converted into working frames or receivers, excluding antiques. Beginning July 1, 2027, knowingly possessing covered firearms, frames, or receivers without valid serial numbers is also banned. Valid numbers must be imprinted by a federal licensee or assigned under state or federal law. Exceptions cover specified antiques, permanently inoperable items, and items made before October 22, 1968. Other exceptions cover specified police and licensed firearm work, military duty, carriers in transit, government buybacks, and delivery to police for disposal. Nonresident exceptions cover travel through Virginia and sanctioned sport shooting events. New Virginia residents have 90 days after moving to meet the serial number requirement. A first violation is a Class 1 misdemeanor; a second or later violation is a Class 4 felony.

Unlicensed gun makers face transfer limits

Beginning January 1, 2027, people without a federal firearm-making license generally cannot sell or transfer guns they made without that license. This also covers guns they knowingly arranged for an unlicensed person to make, or know another unlicensed person made. Other legal authorization and listed exceptions can allow transfers. Exceptions cover specified antiques, inoperable items, pre-October 22, 1968 items, police and licensed activities, buybacks, police disposal, nonresidents, and new residents. A first violation is a Class 1 misdemeanor; a second or later violation is a Class 4 felony.

Felony penalties for undetectable gun activity

Virginia bans knowingly making, assembling, arranging production of, importing, buying, selling, offering for sale, transferring, or possessing plastic or undetectable firearms. A plastic firearm has less than 3.7 ounces of detectable metal in specified parts and fails to show its shape accurately on security scans. The ban also covers firearms that screening devices cannot identify as firearms when only a major component remains. A major component means the slide, cylinder, frame, or receiver; for rifles and shotguns, it means the barrel. A violation is a Class 5 felony.

Gun licensees can serialize with records

Beginning January 1, 2027, authorized federal firearm licensees can add serial numbers to firearms, frames, and receivers. Each number starts with the licensee's first three and last five license digits, then a hyphen and a unique identifier. Licensees cannot reuse a number on another item they serialize. Markings must meet federal size, depth, and durability rules. Licensees must keep added records beyond federal requirements, recording the date, recipient's name, age, residence, and serial number when serialization occurs.

Sponsors & Cosponsors

Sponsor

  • Adam P. Ebbin

    Democratic • Senate

Cosponsors

There are no cosponsors for this bill.

Roll Call Votes

All Roll Calls

Yes: 273 • No: 166

Senate vote • 3/14/2026

Conference report agreed to by Senate

Yes: 21 • No: 18

House vote • 3/14/2026

Conference report agreed to by House

Yes: 62 • No: 35

Senate vote • 2/23/2026

Senate acceded to request

Yes: 35 • No: 3

Senate vote • 2/18/2026

House substitute rejected by Senate

Yes: 0 • No: 39

House vote • 2/16/2026

Passed House with substitute

Yes: 62 • No: 35

House vote • 2/13/2026

Reported from Public Safety with substitute

Yes: 13 • No: 7

Senate vote • 2/9/2026

Read third time and passed Senate

Yes: 21 • No: 19

Senate vote • 2/6/2026

Engrossed by Senate (Voice Vote)

Yes: 0 • No: 0

Senate vote • 2/5/2026

Constitutional reading dispensed Block Vote (on 1st reading)

Yes: 40 • No: 0

Senate vote • 2/5/2026

Passed by for the day Block Vote (Voice Vote)

Yes: 0 • No: 0

Senate vote • 2/4/2026

Reported from Finance and Appropriations

Yes: 10 • No: 5

Senate vote • 1/26/2026

Reported from Courts of Justice and rereferred to Finance and Appropriations

Yes: 9 • No: 5

Actions Timeline

  1. Acts of Assembly Chapter text (CHAP0532)

    4/10/2026Governor
  2. Approved by Governor-Chapter532 (Effective -see bill)

    4/10/2026Governor
  3. Fiscal Impact Statement from Department of Planning and Budget (SB323)

    4/1/2026Senate
  4. Governor's Action Deadline 11:59 p.m., April 13, 2026

    3/31/2026Governor
  5. Enrolled Bill communicated to Governor on March 31, 2026

    3/31/2026Senate
  6. Signed by Speaker

    3/31/2026House
  7. Bill text as passed Senate and House (SB323ER)

    3/30/2026Senate
  8. Enrolled

    3/30/2026Senate
  9. Signed by President

    3/30/2026Senate
  10. Conference report agreed to by Senate (21-Y 18-N 0-A)

    3/14/2026Senate
  11. Conference report agreed to by House (62-Y 35-N 0-A)

    3/14/2026House
  12. Conference Report released

    3/14/2026
  13. House Conferees: Simon, McPike, Phillips

    2/24/2026House
  14. Conferees appointed by House

    2/24/2026House
  15. Senate acceded to request (35-Y 3-N 0-A)

    2/23/2026Senate
  16. Senate Conferees: Surovell, Jones, Obenshain

    2/23/2026Senate
  17. Conferees appointed by Senate

    2/23/2026Senate
  18. House requested conference committee

    2/19/2026House
  19. House insisted on substitute

    2/19/2026House
  20. House substitute rejected by Senate

    2/18/2026Senate
  21. Fiscal Impact statement From VCSC (2/17/2026 9:51 am)

    2/17/2026Senate
  22. Fiscal Impact Statement from Department of Planning and Budget (SB323)

    2/16/2026Senate
  23. Passed House with substitute (62-Y 35-N 0-A)

    2/16/2026House
  24. Engrossed by House - committee substitute

    2/16/2026House
  25. committee substitute agreed to

    2/16/2026House

Bill Text

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